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Tariq, A.R. 1989. Pusat keracunan negara: konsep, fungsi, keperluan dan harapan. Penerbit Universiti Kebartgsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Tejada, A.W.; Magallona, E.D. 1985. Fate of carbosulfan in a rice paddy environment. Philippines Entomology, 6(3), 255-273. Teoh, C.H. 1985. Introduction to LV, VLV, ULV and CDA application. In Teoh, C.H., ed., Recent developments in pesticide application technology: proceedings of the workshop, 21 January 1985, Serdang, Malaysia. Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pp. 7-14. Thailand, Department of Agriculture. 1980. Cholinesterase levels in blood of farmers and other groups of people. Division of Toxic Substances, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. Report 23-12-12-08-2329, 7pp. Tongsakul, S.; Punepun, V. 1988. Preliminary study on the amount of chemical deposit on various parts of the applicators' body from spraying soybean and cotton. Department Division, 28 pp. Tuinman, C.P.; Eadsforth, C.V. 1987. Field study of exposure and health effects following application.of phosdrin formulations to low crops in Thailand. Shell International, Health, Safety and Environment Division, Bangkok, Thailand. Report HSE 87.005, 28 pp. Umakanthan, C. 1985. Major man-made threat to the environment. New Straits Times, Singapore, 30 June. Varca, L.N.; Magallona, E.D. 1987. Fate of BPMC in paddy rice components. Philippines Entomology, 7(2): 177-189. Wongphanich, M.; Prasertsud, P.; Samathiwat, A.; Kongprasart, S.; Kochavej, L.; Bupachanok, T.; Samarnsin, S. 1985. Pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers: research report to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 186 pp. Working Group (Working Group on Protective Clothing for Hot Climates). 1989. Field evaluation of protective clothing materials in a tropical climate. Groupement international des associations nationales de fabricants de produits agrochimiques and Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangkok, Thailand. 4 pp. Zain, M.B.A.R. 1977. Survey on the use of pesticides on tobacco in peninsular Malaysia. Crop Protection Branch, Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lurnpur, Malaysia. Mimeo Report 1, 22 pp. Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan dan kawalan serangga perosak padi di rancangan pengairan tanjung karang dan krian. Cawangan Pemeliharaan Tanaman, Jabatan Pertanian, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mimeo, 20 pp. Zeren, Y.; Moser, E. 1988. Effects of electrostatic charging and vertical air current on deposition of pesticide on cotton plant canopy. Agriculture Mechanization in Asia and Latin America, 19, 55-60. Zukifli, M.; Tejada, A.W.; Magallona, E.D. 1985. The fate of BPMC and chiorpyrifos in some components of the paddy rice ecosystem. Philippines Entomology, 6, 555-565. 48
Investigations into acute pyrethroid poisoning in cotton growers in China Fengsheng He, Shuyang Chen, Zouwen Zhang, Jinxiu Sun, Peipei Yao, Yuqun Wu, Shaoguang Wang, Lihui Liu, and Hai Dang Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China The use of pyrethroid insecticides for pest control in China has been increasing. Acute pyrethroid poisonings have occurred in cotton growers since 1982. In an epidemiological study of 3 113 cotton farmers of Gaochen County, the prevalence of acute pyrethroid poisoning was 0.31% in pyrethroid-exposed sprayers and 0.38% in those exposed to pyrethroidorganophosphate mixtures; blood cholinesterase levels were normal. Determination of exposure levels by measuring air concentrations and dermal exposure indicated that dermal exposure is the most important route of absorption. An increase in median-nerve excitability was found in cotton farmers spraying deltamethrin for 3 days, but there was no significant correlation with levels of urinary deltamethrin or its metabolite Br2A. Diagnostic criteria for acute pyrethroid poisoning are proposed. Recommendations are made for preventive measures and safer use of pyrethroids by agricultural workers. Since 1982, the application of pyrethroids in cotton-growing areas of China has been increasing. Compared with commonly used broad-spectrum insecticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids are more powerful on a weight-per-activity basis, yet they metabolize rapidly and leave virtually no residue in the biosphere. As a result, they are used extensively to control a wide variety of agricultural insect pests. In China, the most frequently used pyrethroids are deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin. Pyrethroids were originally classified as compounds unlikely to pose an acute hazard in normal use. However, evidence from experiments on animals indicates that deltamethrin and fenvalerate affect both the central and 49
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
Page 9 and 10: Control of disease vectors: a curre
Page 11 and 12: Foreword From their first appearanc
Page 13 and 14: PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
Page 15 and 16: Although pesticides are used both i
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
Page 19 and 20: problem. The International Developm
Page 21 and 22: impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
Page 23 and 24: investigated further. For example,
Page 25 and 26: Conclusions The subject of this vol
Page 27 and 28: Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
Page 29 and 30: Health-risk assessment of pesticide
Page 31 and 32: especially in the absence of comple
Page 33 and 34: depends largely on external factors
Page 35 and 36: Specific situations may require spe
Page 37 and 38: that the best possible work is done
Page 39 and 40: doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
Page 43 and 44: Pesticide research for public healt
Page 45 and 46: Current pest control practices in T
Page 47 and 48: 800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
Page 49 and 50: designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
Page 51 and 52: and tore easily. One investigation
Page 53 and 54: education, mass-communication tools
Page 55 and 56: Increase and improve training activ
Page 57 and 58: Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
Page 59: Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
Page 63 and 64: Level of exposure To assess the lev
Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
Page 67 and 68: (in 121 subjects), usually develope
Page 69 and 70: Deltamethrin was detectable in the
Page 71 and 72: pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
Page 73 and 74: Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
Page 75 and 76: Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
Page 77 and 78: Study two Twelve farmers participat
Page 79 and 80: All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
Page 81 and 82: Acknowledgment- The three studies r
Page 83 and 84: Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
Page 85 and 86: Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
Page 87 and 88: Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
Page 89 and 90: and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92: young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94: Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95 and 96: Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 97 and 98: Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292:
Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346:
URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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