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Three of the four mixerloaders found the protective gloves uncomfortable to wear. However, all four believed that their hands were being protected. Some experienced difficulty in gripping equipment when wearing the gloves, and two pairs of gloves had to be replaced because of abrasion or splitting. Workers found the face shields comfortable to wear; no misting of the visors occurred. The mixerloaders had no difficulty in keeping the face shields on during the work periods. There were some complaints of reflection from the white garments onto the face shields. Health surveillance No clinical signs or symptoms of intoxication by methamidophos were reported or observed in anyone involved in the study. Although there were slight variations in cholinesterase activity in blood samples from workers during the study, all values were within normal ranges. Discussion Cotton protective garments of the design used in this study were comfortable to wear in hot and humid climates. They showed little deterioration over the period of use and provided as much or more protection from the organophosphorous insecticide than the synthetic materials. When the benefits of availability and general low cost are taken into account, cotton has major advantages as a material for protective garments required by pesticide workers in tropical climates. Further investigation into the protective properties of cotton, i.e., variations in weight, thickness, and weave, would be worthwhile. The design of the protective garments was intended to provide some degree of flexibility under field conditions. For example, workers are able to wear the top and trousers separately or together over their normal work clothing depending on the kind of work they are engaged in. Although this design is recommended by the Working Group, it may not be acceptable esthetically in all cultures and other designs may be more appropriate for some types of pesticide application. However, the general principle of the design proved to be successful in this study. Nitrile rubber gloves, although somewhat uncomfortable, can be worn by mixerloaders in hot and humid conditions and are, therefore, suitable for handling pesticide concentrates under these conditions. The simple face shield used in this study is also recommended. The opportunity was taken during the study to seek the workers' opinions about acquiring and wearing gloves and face shields in normal practice. Commitment to wearing these protective items varied, even if they were made readily available. This type of response is common (Jeyaratnam 1982) and 192
underlines the need to change attitudes through training and education programs. Many pesticides can be handled and applied safely without the need for protective clothing; workers simply wear lightweight work clothing covering most of the body. However, where protective clothing is necessary for use with more hazardous pesticides, cotton garments of the type described in this paper are recommended for use in tropical conditions. Finally, protective equipment cannot be regarded as the only answer for all aspects of personal protection. This equipment does not necessarily reduce pesticide contamination unless it is used and maintained properly. Its use must go hand in hand with other important protective measures: principally the avoidance of contamination, good personal hygiene, and the correct use and maintenance of safe application equipment. Acknowledgments - The dedicated technical support provided by Mr Sant Kongsomboon (Bayer Thai Ltd), Dr Apichai Daorai (ICI Asiatic Ltd), and Dr Sujin Chantarasa-ard (Shell Thailand Ltd) is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the Thai Pesticide Association for their encouragement and support of this project. Jeyaratnam, J. 1982. Health hazards awareness of pesticide applicators about pesticides. In van Heemstra, E.A.H.; Tordoir, WE, ed., Education and safe handling in pesticide application. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp. 23-30. Tukey, j.W. 1977. Exploratory directory data analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA. Wolfe, H.R.; Armstrong, J.E.; Staiff, D.C.; Corner, S.W. 1972. Exposure of spraymen to pesticides. Archives of Environmental Health, 25, 29-33. Working Group(Working Group on Protective Clothing for Hot Climates). 1989. Field evaluation of protective clothing materials in a tropical climate. Groupement international des associations nationales de fabricants de produits agrochimiques and Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangkok, Thailand. 4pp. 193
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202: At the end of each day's operations
Page 203: Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 207 and 208: Evaluation and management of pestic
Page 209 and 210: target and react with some crucial
Page 211 and 212: scientists on a contractual basis,
Page 213 and 214: pesticides in developing countries
Page 215 and 216: Regional information resources for
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 219 and 220: extent of this problem in developin
Page 221 and 222: Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224: pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
Page 225 and 226: is one of principal agencies respon
Page 227 and 228: Pretesting materials in training an
Page 229 and 230: of costly medical technologies and
Page 231 and 232: The agricultural sector has by far
Page 233 and 234: At the community level, the extent
Page 235 and 236: Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238: Outline for learning module using o
Page 239 and 240: WHO (World Health Organization). 19
Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, tremendous effo
Page 243 and 244: Jiang-Su province Results and discu
Page 245 and 246: As a result of deregulation, the nu
Page 247 and 248: Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
Page 249 and 250: Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
Page 251 and 252: Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
Page 253 and 254: Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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