plant surface microbiology.pdf

Contents XV
18 Mycorrhizal Development and Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . 293
Marjatta Raudaskoski, Mika Tarkka and Sara Niini
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
2 Cytoskeletal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
2.1 Expression of Tubulin-Encoding Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
2.2 Expression of Actin-Encoding Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3 Organization of Cytoskeleton in Endomycorrhiza . . . . . . 298
3.1 Root Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
3.2 Fungal Hyphae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
4 Organization of Cytoskeleton in Ectomycorrhiza . . . . . . 300
4.1 Root Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
4.2 Fungal Hyphae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5 Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton Organization
in Fungal Hyphae and Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6 Actin Binding-Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7 Microtubule-Associated Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.1 Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.2 Fungal Hyphae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
8 Cell Cycle and Cytoskeleton in Mycorrhiza . . . . . . . . . . 313
9 Cytoskeletal Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.1 Indirect Immunofluorescence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . 316
9.2 Microinjection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
9.3 Green Fluorescence Protein Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
19 Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
on Root Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
M. Zakaria Solaiman and Lynette K. Abbott
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
2 Mycorrhiza Formation and Ecological Specificity . . . . . . 332
2.1 Establishment of the Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
2.2 Spore Germination and Hyphal Growth . . . . . . . . . . . 333
2.3 Role of Plant Root Exudates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
3 Functioning of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
in Nutrient Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
3.1 Metabolic Activity During Mycorrhiza Formation . . . . . . 335
3.2 Gene Expression During Mycorrhiza Formation . . . . . . . 336
3.3 Nutrient Exchange Mechanisms in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas 336
4 Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
in Root and Hyphal Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338