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22 Nitrogen Transport and Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhizas 397 where the fungal structures, arbuscules and vesicles, were concentrated. Northern analyses indicated that the expression of the transporter was higher in mycorrhized tomato roots than in noncolonized controls. In addition, mycorrhization caused a significant expression of a nitrate reductase gene of Glomus intraradices. According to the authors mentioned above, the results sug- AAT ALAT 2-oxo Glu 2-oxo 2-oxo NO 3 - Nrt2 Asp oaa pyr Ala NR NO 3 - Amt1 C metabolism Glu Glu GDH GS NIR NO 2 - NH 4 + Amt2 NH 4 + 2-oxo GOGAT Inhibition (?) - Amt3 Gln Gap1 Gln - transcription AMT1 AMT2 AMT3 GDHA NAR1 GLNA mRNA Fig. 1. A model describing the regulation of nitrogen transport and assimilation in Hebeloma cylindrosporum. This ectomycorrhizal fungus is able to use nitrate, ammonium and amino acids as nitrogen sources. Under low ammonium status, AMT1, AMT2, AMT3, GDHA and GLNA are transcribed, which results in elevated ammonium uptake and metabolism capacities. Under ammonium excess, AMT1, AMT2 and GDHA are efficiently repressed, which results in reduced ammonium assimilatory capacities. Under these conditions, AMT3 and GLNA would ensure the maintenance of a basal level of ammonium assimilation. AMT1 and AMT2 transcript levels are controlled through the effect of intracellular glutamine, whereas the GDHA and NAR1 mRNA level is controlled by ammonium (bold dotted lines). Ammonium uptake activity may be controlled by intracellular NH 4 + through a direct effect (dotted lines). 2-oxo 2-oxoglutarate, oaa oxaloacetate, pyr pyruvate, GOGAT glutamate synthase, Aat aspartate aminotransferase, Alat alanine aminotransferase, NR nitrate reductase, NIR nitrite reductase, Nrt2 nitrate transporter, GAP1 general amino acid transporter
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PLANT SURFACE MICROBIOLOGY
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Professor Dr. Ajit Varma Director A
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VI ology. The basic concepts in pla
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VIII Contents 6.1 Abiotic Factors .
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X Section B Contents 7 The Function
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XII 3 Impact of Genetically Modifie
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XIV 4.9 Arabidopsis thaliana . . .
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XVI Contents 4.1 Diversity of Arbus
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XVIII 6.2 Role and Properties of Gl
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XX Contents 4.1 Isolated Cuticles a
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XXII Contents 6.5 CMEIAS v. 3.0: In
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Contributors Abbott, Lynette K. Sch
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Ghimire, Sita R. Centre for Researc
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Meyer, William Department of Plant
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Tripathi,K.K. Department of Biotech
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2 Ajit Varma et al. technical diffi
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4 Ajit Varma et al. prowazekii with
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6 Ajit Varma et al. parasite on oth
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8 Ajit Varma et al. interaction wit
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10 Ajit Varma et al. mative, quanti
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2 Root Colonisation Following Seed
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Fig. 1. Colonisation tube system (f
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3.4 Seed Inoculation Seeds are plac
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selection using GFP-expressing bact
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plant roots from the sand, these ca
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tant for colonisation, but neither
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6.2 Biotic Factors 2 Root Colonisat
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36 CH 4 Ralf Conrad O 2 CH 4 methan
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38 Ralf Conrad Finally, aquatic pla
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40 Ralf Conrad Fig. 3. Emission of
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42 Ralf Conrad The general coloniza
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44 Ralf Conrad acceptor. However, l
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46 Ralf Conrad Brioukhanov A, Netru
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48 Ralf Conrad King GM, Garey MA (1
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50 Ralf Conrad Yao H, Conrad R (200
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52 Galdino Andrade or the transform
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54 Galdino Andrade and 2-15 % prote
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56 Galdino Andrade organic nitrogen
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58 SO4 Galdino Andrade Assimilatory
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60 Galdino Andrade phosphate compou
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62 Galdino Andrade In our laborator
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64 Galdino Andrade Fig. 9. Bacteria
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66 Galdino Andrade Plants Carbon De
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68 Galdino Andrade organic phosphat
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5 Diversity and Functions of Soil M
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6 Signalling in the Rhizobia-Legume
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acid, ethylene and jasmonates are i
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increases the activity of the bdhA
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which are perhaps intermediates in
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122 Galdino Andrade Some studies ha
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124 Galdino Andrade Nutrient limita
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126 Galdino Andrade significant qua
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128 Galdino Andrade decrease in the
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130 Galdino Andrade References and
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132 Galdino Andrade Smith RA, Couch
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134 Bernard R. Glick and Donna M. P
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146 Lukas Schreiber, Ursula Krimm a
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158 James F. White Jr. et al. endop
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160 James F. White Jr. et al. 4.3 P
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162 James F. White Jr. et al. Fig.
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164 James F. White Jr. et al. leaf
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166 James F. White Jr. et al. cutic
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168 James F. White Jr. et al. 6.3 M
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170 James F. White Jr. et al. Fig.
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172 James F. White Jr. et al. form
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174 James F. White Jr. et al. itive
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176 James F. White Jr. et al. Clay
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178 James F. White Jr. et al. White
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180 Michael Kaldorf et al. poplar,
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182 Table 1: Studies assessing the
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184 Michael Kaldorf et al. 1995). S
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186 Michael Kaldorf et al. chitinas
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188 Michael Kaldorf et al. resistan
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190 Michael Kaldorf et al. the GPD/
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192 Michael Kaldorf et al. Referenc
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194 Michael Kaldorf et al. Hoffmann
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196 Michael Kaldorf et al. van Rhij
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198 Rüdiger Hampp and Andreas Maie
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212 Ingrid Kottke Fig. 1. Ectomycor
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214 Ingrid Kottke nificant structur
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216 d Ingrid Kottke rcc ph rccw ccw
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218 Ingrid Kottke Fig. 6. Scheme il
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220 Ingrid Kottke Picea mariana Mil
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222 Ingrid Kottke suberin digestion
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224 Ingrid Kottke When dissolving t
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226 Ingrid Kottke Oh KI, Melville L
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228 respect to soral morphology,tel
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230 Robert Bauer and Franz Oberwink
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238 Giang Huong Pham et al. The fun
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240 Giang Huong Pham et al. reactio
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242 Giang Huong Pham et al. Fig. 5.
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244 Giang Huong Pham et al. Fig. 6.
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246 Treated roots were colonized by
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248 Giang Huong Pham et al. Fig. 9a
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250 Giang Huong Pham et al. Fig. 11
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252 Giang Huong Pham et al. 4.6 Tim
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260 Giang Huong Pham et al. longed
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264 Giang Huong Pham et al. Referen
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16 Cellular Basidiomycete-Fungus In
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Fig. 1. Hypha of Colacogloea peniop
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4.2 Fusion-Interaction 16 Cellular
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Fig. 12. Transverse section through
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282 Sita R. Ghimire and Kevin D. Hy
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294 Marjatta Raudaskoski, Mika Tark
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19 Functional Diversity of Arbuscul
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352 José-Miguel Barea et al. 1994)
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354 José-Miguel Barea et al. 1992;
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356 José-Miguel Barea et al. 5 Rea
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358 José-Miguel Barea et al. 1992;
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360 José-Miguel Barea et al. AM-de
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362 José-Miguel Barea et al. pound
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364 José-Miguel Barea et al. Berta
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366 José-Miguel Barea et al. Giani
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368 José-Miguel Barea et al. Lynch
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22 Nitrogen Transport and Metabolis
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432 Thomas F.C. Chin-A-Woeng et al.
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450 Anton Hartmann et al. The rhizo
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452 Table 1. Phylogenetic oligonucl
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454 Anton Hartmann et al. B D
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456 Anton Hartmann et al. root surf
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458 Anton Hartmann et al. (see abov
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460 Anton Hartmann et al. to 13, 26
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462 Anton Hartmann et al. root surf
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464 Anton Hartmann et al. media are
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466 Anton Hartmann et al. Gorlach K
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468 Anton Hartmann et al. Poindexte
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25 Methods for Analysing the Intera
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25 Analysing Interactions between M
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into the nutrition solution inside
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An example for the change in water
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490 Donna M. Penrose and Bernard R.
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494 Absorbance at 540 nm 1.6 1.4 1.
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504 Frank B. Dazzo electron, and fi
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506 Frank B. Dazzo the microsymbion
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508 Frank B. Dazzo degrade the bact
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510 Frank B. Dazzo Fig. 4. Phase co
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512 Frank B. Dazzo Fig. 5. Symbiont
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514 Frank B. Dazzo microscopy. The
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516 Frank B. Dazzo the rhizobial ex
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518 Frank B. Dazzo In contrast, qua
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520 Frank B. Dazzo biological activ
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522 Frank B. Dazzo NBD-labeled CLOS
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524 Frank B. Dazzo cated that the s
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526 Frank B. Dazzo to introduce pol
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528 Frank B. Dazzo response is less
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530 Frank B. Dazzo mizing the gyror
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532 Frank B. Dazzo including its re
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534 Frank B. Dazzo Table 1. Quantit
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536 Frank B. Dazzo and eukaryotic c
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538 Frank B. Dazzo Table 2. In situ
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540 Frank B. Dazzo involvement of t
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542 Frank B. Dazzo Fig. 16. Geostat
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544 Frank B. Dazzo the power of geo
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546 Frank B. Dazzo Dazzo FB, Hollin
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548 Frank B. Dazzo erney MJ, Stetze
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550 Frank B. Dazzo van Workum WAT,
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552 Emanuele G. Biondi 2 Materials
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554 Emanuele G. Biondi eral species
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556 - Low intensity of the bands: i
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558 Emanuele G. Biondi CCA ATT CT-3
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560 Emanuele G. Biondi Experimental
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562 Emanuele G. Biondi two strains
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564 Emanuele G. Biondi References a
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29 Functional Genomic Approaches fo
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30 Axenic Culture of Symbiotic Fung
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9 Phosphatic Nutrients 30 Axenic Cu
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Modified aspergillus medium (Varma
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616 Subject Index Antifungal activi
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618 Subject Index Cryosection 317 C
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620 Subject Index Fusarium sp. 73,
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622 Subject Index Leaf surface colo
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624 Subject Index Penicillium sp. 7
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626 Subject Index Salmon sperm DNA
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628 Subject Index Y Yellow fluoresc
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