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386<br />

Uwe Nehls<br />

have been described. They might thus reveal adaptation processes that are<br />

necessary for ectomycorrhizal function.<br />

Acknowledgements I am indebted to Magret Ecke and Andrea Bock for excellent technical<br />

assistance and to Dr. Mika Tarkka and Dr. Rüdiger Hampp for critical reading of the<br />

manuscript. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-<br />

Schwerpunkt Mykorrhiza).<br />

References and Selected Reading<br />

Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ (1986) The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal<br />

<strong>plant</strong>s. I. Utilization of peptides and proteins by ectomycorrhizal fungi.<br />

New Phytol 103:481–493<br />

Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ (1988) Amino acids as nitrogen sources for ectomycorrhizal<br />

fungi: utilisation of individual amino acids. Transact Br Mycol Soc 91:473–479<br />

Bajwa R, Abuarghub S, Read DJ (1985) The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. X.<br />

The utilization of proteins and the production of proteolytic enzymes by the mycorrhizal<br />

endophyte and by mycorrhizal <strong>plant</strong>s. New Phytol 101:469–486<br />

Bending GD, Read DJ (1996) Nitrogen mobilization from protein-polyphenol complex<br />

by ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol BioChem 28:1603–1612<br />

Berg MP, Kniese JP,Verhoef HA (1998) Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi<br />

in the organic layers of a Scots pine forest soil. Biol Fertil Soils 26:313–322<br />

Berredjem A, Garnier A, Putra DP, Botton B (1998) Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources<br />

on growth and activities of NAD and NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases of<br />

Laccaria bicolor. Mycol Res 4:427–434<br />

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important concept for a functional understanding of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.<br />

New Phytol 134:685–695<br />

Cao W, Crawford DL (1993) Carbon nutrition and hydrolytic and cellulolytic activities in<br />

the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. Can J Microbiol 39:529–535<br />

Celenza JL, Marshall-Carlson L, Carlson M (1988) The yeast SNF3 gene encodes a glucose<br />

transporter homologous to the mammalian protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA<br />

85:2130–2134<br />

Chakravarty P, Unestam T (1987) Differential influence of ectomycorrhizae on <strong>plant</strong><br />

growth and disease resistance of Pinus sylvestris seedlings. J Phytopathol 120:104–120<br />

Chalot M, Brun A (1998) Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal<br />

fungi and ectomycorrhizas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 22:21–44<br />

Chalot M, Kytöviita MM, Brun A, Finlay RD, Söderström B (1995) Factors affecting<br />

amino acid uptake by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. Mycol Res<br />

99:1131–1138<br />

Chalot M, Brun A, Botton B, Soderstrom B (1996) Kinetics, energetics and specificity of a<br />

general amino acid transporter from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus.<br />

Microbiol 142:1749–1756<br />

Chen XY, Hampp R (1993) Sugar uptake by protoplasts of the ectomycorrhizal fungus,<br />

Amanita muscaria (L. ex fr.) Hooker. New Phytol 125:601–608<br />

Coruzzi GM, Zhou L (2001) Carbon and nitrogen sensing and signaling in <strong>plant</strong>s: emerging<br />

‘matrix effects’. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4:247–253<br />

d’Enfert C (1997) Fungal spore germination: insights from the molecular genetics of<br />

Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 21:163–172

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