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154<br />

Lukas Schreiber, Ursula Krimm and Daniel Knoll<br />

diversity of the species composition in the phyllosphere must be achieved.<br />

Physiological experiments will have to analyse in more detail the mechanisms<br />

forming the basis for the different interactions occurring between epiphyllic<br />

microorganisms and the <strong>plant</strong> cuticle. Furthermore, an important question is<br />

to what extent the aggregation of different epiphyllic species forming biofilms<br />

increases their ecological fitness in the phyllosphere. Answering these questions<br />

in the future will significantly help to improve our knowledge of the<br />

microbial ecology of the phyllosphere.<br />

Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support of this work<br />

by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the FCI.<br />

References and Selected Reading<br />

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of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143–169<br />

Andrews JH (1992) Biological control in the phyllosphere. Annu Rev Phytopathol<br />

30:603–635<br />

Andrews JH, Harris RF (2000) The ecology and biogeography of microorganisms of<br />

<strong>plant</strong> <strong>surface</strong>s. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:145–180<br />

Barthlott W, Neinhuis C (1997) Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination<br />

in biological <strong>surface</strong>s. Planta 202:1–8<br />

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Rev Phytopathol 33:145–172<br />

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and functions. The Oily Press, Dundee, pp 175–222<br />

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leaves. J Appl Bacteriol 70:49–59<br />

Blakeman JP (1993) Pathogens in the foliar environment. Plant Path 42:479–493<br />

Bunster L, Fokkema NJ, Schippers B (1989) Effect of <strong>surface</strong>-active Pseudomonas sp. on<br />

leaf wettability. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1340–1345<br />

Cape JN (1983) Contact angles of water droplets on needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)<br />

growing in polluted atmospheres. New Phytol 93:293–299<br />

Cape JN, Percy KE (1993) Environmental influences on the development of spruce needle<br />

cuticles. New Phytol 125:787–799<br />

Dickinson CH, Preece TF (1976) Microbiology of aerial <strong>plant</strong> <strong>surface</strong>s. Academic Press,<br />

London<br />

Dixon RA, Lamb CJ (1990) Molecular communication in interactions between <strong>plant</strong>s<br />

and microbial pathogens. Annu Rev Plant Phys Plant Mol Biol 41:339–367<br />

Ercolani GL (1991) Distribution of epiphytic bacteria on olive leaves and the influence of<br />

leaf age and sampling time. Microb Ecol 21:35–48<br />

Fiss M, Kucheryava N, Schonherr J, Kollar A, Arnold G, Auling G. (2000) Isolation and<br />

characterization of epiphytic fungi from the phyllosphere of apple as potential biocontrol<br />

agents against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). J Plant Dis Prot 107:1–11

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