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8 ACC Deaminase-Containing Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria 141<br />

Currently, many consumers worldwide are reluctant to embrace the use of<br />

genetically modified <strong>plant</strong>s as sources of foods. Thus, for the foreseeable<br />

future it may be advantageous to use either natural or genetically engineered<br />

<strong>plant</strong> growth-promoting bacteria as a means of lowering <strong>plant</strong> ethylene levels<br />

rather than genetically modifying the <strong>plant</strong> itself to achieve the same end.<br />

Moreover, given the large number of different <strong>plant</strong>s, the various cultivars of<br />

those <strong>plant</strong>s and the multiplicity of genes that would need to be introduced<br />

into <strong>plant</strong>s, it is not feasible to genetically engineer all <strong>plant</strong>s to be resistant to<br />

all types of pathogens and environmental stresses. Rather, it makes a lot of<br />

sense to engineer <strong>plant</strong> growth-promoting bacteria to do this job, and the first<br />

step in this direction could well be the introduction of appropriately regulated<br />

ACC deaminase genes.<br />

Acknowledgements. The work from our laboratory that is described here was supported<br />

by grants from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We<br />

wish to acknowledge the role of numerous collaborators and students in the work<br />

described here including: Chunxia Wang, Geneviève Défago, Shimon Mayak, Varvara<br />

Grichko, Jiping Li, Mary Robison, Peter Pauls, Saleh Shah, Barbara Moffatt, Genrich Burd,<br />

Seema Nayani, Gina Holguin, Cheryl Patten, Chris Jacobson and Daniel Ovakim. Thanks<br />

are also due to Andrei Belimov for sharing his results prior to their publication.<br />

References and Selected Reading<br />

Abeles FB (1973) Ethylene in <strong>plant</strong> biology. Academic Press, New York, 302 pp<br />

Abeles FB, Morgan PW, Saltveit ME Jr (1992) Ethylene in <strong>plant</strong> biology, 2nd edn. Academic<br />

Press, San Diego<br />

Bashan Y (1994) Symptom expression and ethylene production in leaf blight of cotton<br />

caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata alone and combined. Can<br />

J Bot 72:1574–1579<br />

Belimov AI, Safronova, VI, Sergeyeva TA, Egorova TN, Matveyeva VA, Tsyganov VE,<br />

Borisov AY, Tikhonovich IA, Kluge C, Preisfeld A, Dietz K-J, Stepanok VV (2001) Characterization<br />

of <strong>plant</strong> growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from polluted soils and<br />

containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Can J Microbiol 27:642–<br />

652<br />

Bestwick RK, Ferro AJ (1998) Reduced ethylene synthesis and delayed fruit ripening in<br />

transgenic tomatoes expressing S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase. US Patent No:<br />

5,723,746<br />

Biles CL, Abeles FB, Wilson CL (1990) The role of ethylene in anthracnose of cucumber,<br />

Cucumis sativus, caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium. Phytopathology 80732–736<br />

Bradford KJ,Yang SF (1980) Xylem transport of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,<br />

an ethylene precursor, in waterlogged tomato <strong>plant</strong>s. Plant Physiol 65:322–326<br />

Brown ME (1974) Seed and root bacterization. Annu Rev Phytopathol 12:181–197<br />

Burd GI, Dixon DG, Glick BR (1998) A <strong>plant</strong> growth–promoting bacterium that<br />

decreases nickel toxicity in seedlings. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3663–3668<br />

Campbell BG, Thomson JA (1996) 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase<br />

genes from Pseudomonas strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 138:207–210

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