123. Lotte A, Uzan J. Evolution of the rates of tuberculous infection in France and calculation ofthe annual risk by means of a mathematical model. Int. J. Epidemiol., 1973; 2: 265-82.124. Waaler H, Galtung O, M o rdal K. The risk of tuberculous infection in Norway. Bull. Int. UnionTuberc., 1975; 50: 5-61.125. V y n ny cky E, Fine PEM. The annual risk of infection with M y c o b a c t e rium tuberculosis i nEngland and Wales since 1901. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 1997; 1: 389-96.126. Dye C, Garnett GP, Sleeman K, Williams BG. Prospects for worldwide tuberculosis controlunder the WHO DOTS strategy. Lancet, 1998; 352: 1886-91.127. N age l ke rke N, B o rg d o r ff M, B roekmans J. The estimation of trend in risk and age specific ri s kof tuberculous infection from rep e ated tuberculin survey s : a new semi-para m e t ric method.<strong>Tuberculosis</strong> Surveillance Research Unit Progress Report, 1997; 1: 3-16.128. S t y blo K. The re l ationship between the risk of tuberculous infection and the risk of deve l o p i n ginfectious tuberculosis. Bull. Int. Union Tuberc., 1985; 60 (3-4): 117-9.129. B e rg G. The prognosis of open pulmonary tuberculosis. A cl i n i c a l - s t atistical analysis. Edition 1 .Lund, Sweden: Håkan Ohlson, 1939.130. G r z y b owski S, E n a rson DA. The fate of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis under va rious tre at m e n tprogrammes. Bull. Int. Union Tuberc., 1978; 53 (2): 70-5.131. Cauthen GM, Rieder HL, Geiter LJ. A model of the relation between age-specific prevalenceof tuberculous infection and incidence of infectious tuberc u l o s i s : i m p l i c ations for scre e n i n gpolicies. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> Surveillance Research Unit Progress Report, 1991; 1: 1-20.132. Rieder HL, Cauthen GM, Comstock GW, Snider DE, Jr. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in theUnited States. Epidemiol. Rev., 1989; 11: 79-98.133. Wallgren A. The time-table of tuberculosis. Tubercle, 1948; 29: 245-51.134. Fe rebee SH. Controlled ch e m o p ro p hylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A ge n e ral rev i ew.Adv. Tuberc. Res., 1969; 17: 28-106.135. D'Arcy Hart P, Sutherland I. BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosisin adolescence and early adult life. Final report to the Medical Research Council. Br. Med. J.,1977; 2: 293-5.136. Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction inchildhood and adolescence. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1974; 99: 131-8.137. Holm J. Development from tuberculosis infection to tuberculosis disease. Pa rt I. Proposed studyfor T S RU, using in the fi rst place the Dutch mat e rial. Tu b e rculosis Surveillance Research UnitProgress Report, 1969; 1: 1-10.138. S e lwyn PA , H a rtel D, L ewis VA ,S choenbaum EE, Ve rmund SH, Klein RS, et al. A pro s p e c t ivestudy of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiencyvirus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 1989; 320: 545-50.139. Braun MM, Badi N, Ryder RW, Baende E,Mukadi Y, Nsuami M, et al. A retrospective cohorts t u dy of the risk of tuberculosis among women of ch i l d b e a ring age with HIV infection in Zaire.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1991; 143: 501-4.- 156 -
140. Rieder HL,Cauthen GM, Bloch AB, Cole CH,Holtzman D, Snider DE,Jr., et al. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong>and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - Florida. Arch. Intern. Med., 1989; 149: 1268-73.141. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. Tu b e rculosis and acquired immu n o d e fi c i e n cy syndrome -New York City. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1987; 36: 785-96.142. A n t o nucci G, G i ra rdi E, R aviglione MC, Ippolito G. Risk fa c t o rs for tuberculosis in HIVinfectedpersons. A prospective cohort study. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1995; 274: 143-8.143. De Cock KM, S o ro B, C o u l i b a ly IM, Lucas SB. Tu b e rculosis and HIV infection in sub-Sahara nAfrica. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1992; 268: 1581-7.144. Lurie MB. Heredity, constitution and tuberculosis. An experimental study. Am. Rev. Tuberc.,1941; 44 (suppl): 1-125.145. Rieder HL, Snider DE, Jr., Cauthen GM. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1990; 141: 347-51.146. Snider DE, Jr., Rieder HL, Combs D, Bloch AB, Hayden CH, Smith MHD. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> inchildren. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1988; 7: 271-8.147. N a rain JP, R aviglione MC, Ko chi A. HIV- a s s o c i ated tuberculosis in developing countri e s :epidemiology and strategies for prevention. Tubercle Lung Dis., 1992; 73: 311-21.148. Guelar A, Gatell JM, Verdejo J, Podzamczer D, Lozano L,Aznar E, et al. A prospective studyof the risk of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. AIDS, 1993; 7: 1345-9.149. Girardi E,Antonucci G, Ippolito G, Raviglione MC, Rapiti E, Di Perri G, et al. Association oftuberculosis risk with the degree of tuberculin reaction in HIV-infected patients. Arch. Intern.Med., 1997; 157: 797-800.150. E dwa rds LB, Doster B, L ive s ay V T, Fe rebee SH. Risk of tuberculosis among persons with “ n o tactive - not treated” lesions. Bull. Int. Union Tuberc., 1972; 47: 151-6.151. Falk A , F u chs GF. Pro p hylaxis with isoniazid in inactive tuberculosis. A Ve t e ra n sAdministration cooperative study XII. Chest, 1978; 73: 44-8.152. I n t e rn ational Union A gainst Tu b e rculosis Committee on Pro p hylaxis. Effi c a cy of va ri o u sdurations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUATtrial. Bull. World Health Organ., 1982; 60: 555-64.153. Stead W W, L o f gren JP. Does risk of tuberculosis increase in old age? J. Infect. Dis., 1983; 147: 9 5 1 - 5 .154. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. Tu b e rculosis and acquired immu n o d e fi c i e n cy syndrome - Flori d a .Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1986; 35: 587-90.155. C h ristensen WI. Genitouri n a ry tuberc u l o s i s : rev i ew of 102 cases. Medicine, 1974; 53: 3 7 7 - 9 0 .156. Allen JC, Apicella MA. Experimental pleural effusion as a manife s t ation of delaye dhypersensitivity to tuberculin PPD. J. Immunol., 1968; 101: 481-7.157. Ellner JJ. Pleural fluid and peripheral blood lymphocyte function in tuberculosis. Ann. Intern.Med., 1978; 89: 932-3.158. C o m s t o ck GW. Tu b e rculosis in twins: a re - a n a lysis of the Prophit survey. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,1978; 117: 621-4.- 157 -
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Bases epidemiológicasdel control d
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ContenidoPrefacio..................
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Otras afecciones ..................
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PrefacioSe puede lograr un control
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AgradecimientosEl autor desea expre
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IntroducciónLa ep i d e m i o l og
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CAPÍTULO IExposición al bacilo tu
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Densidad de la poblaciónLa densida
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En este caso, dos generaciones se e
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CAPÍTULO 2Infección con el bacilo
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Figura 5. Tiempo de evaporación de
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de llegar a los alvéolos [23]. Por
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IntimoCasualIntimoCasualBaciloscopi
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fuente de contagio. Los sujetos que
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Figura 11. Correlación entre porce
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A comienzos del siglo XX, von Pirqu
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preparación se guarda en Copenhagu
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No contactoContactointermedioContac
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Figura 17. Distribución de frecuen
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Figura 20. Frecuencia de las reacci
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TanzaniaDjiboutiInduración (mm)Fig
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5 años de edad. Poco tiempo despu
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determinar la prevalencia de la inf
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puede ser interp retada ra zo n abl
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Figura 31. Relación hombre-mujer e
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Figura 34. P revalencia específica
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Figura 37. F recuencia de reaccione
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como la prevalencia son ex p resado
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Figura 38. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 41. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 43. Estimación de la preval
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Figura 45. Estimación de la preval
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ejemplos los casos son de tuberculo
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En los países donde el manejo de l
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Figura 49. F a c t o res de riesgo
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Figura 52. Incidencia de la tubercu
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[141], han arrojado alguna luz sobr
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Figura 55. E volución clínica e i
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gru p o p l a c eb o , no trat a d
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SexoParece ser que existe una difer
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Figura 60. Incidencia de la tubercu
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m i c o b a c t e rias ambientales
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Drogadicción por vía endovenosaR
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Un estudio detallado de los factore
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Tratamiento con corticoesteroidesLa
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son pro b ablemente de importancia
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sobre la morbilidad consecutiva a l
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una atención particular para focal
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Sin embargo la tasa de disminución
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Häro analizó la morbilidad de la
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Figura 72. Tasas de declaración de
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Figura 75. Incidencia estimada de t
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más elevada en los hombres que en
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- Page 152 and 153: 18. Loudon RG, R o b e rts RM. Drop
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