366. Espinal MA, R e i n gold A L , P é rez G, Camilo E, Soto S, C ruz E, et al. Humani m mu n o d e fi c i e n cy virus infection in ch i l d ren with tuberculosis in Santo Domingo , D o m i n i c a nR ep u bl i c : p reva l e n c e, clinical fi n d i n g s , and response to antituberculosis tre atment. J. A c q u i r.I m mune Defi c. Syndr. Hum Retrov i ro l , 1996; 13: 1 5 5 - 9 .367. S u t h e rland I, S va n d ová E, R a d h a k rishna S. The development of clinical tuberculosis fo l l ow i n gi n fection with tubercle bacilli. 1. A theoretical model of clinical tuberculosis fo l l ow i n gi n fe c t i o n , linking data on the risk of tuberculous infection and the incidence of cl i n i c a lt u b e rculosis in the Netherlands. Tu b e rcl e, 1982; 63: 2 5 5 - 6 8 .368. Alland D, Kalkut GE, Moss A R , McAdam R, Hahn JA , B o swo rth W, et al. Transmission oft u b e rculosis in New Yo rk City. An analysis by DNA fi n ge rp rinting and conve n t i o n a lep i d e m i o l ogic methods. N. Engl. J. Med. , 1994; 330: 1 7 1 0 - 6 .369. Small PM, H o p ewell PC, Singh SP, Paz A , Pa rsonnet J, Ruston DC, et al. The ep i d e m i o l ogyof tuberculosis in San Francisco. A population-based study using conventional and molecularmethods. N. Engl. J. Med. , 1994; 330: 1 7 0 3 - 9 .370. K l e eb e rg HH. Human tuberculosis of bovine ori gin in re l ation to public health. Rev. Sci. Te ch .Off. Int. Epiz., 1984; 3: 11-32.371. S ch u l zer M, Fi t z G e rald JM, E n a rson DA , G r z y b owski S. An estimate of the future size ofthe tuberculosis pro blem in sub-Saharan A f rica resulting from HIV infection [publ i s h e de rratum ap p e a rs in Tu b e rcle Lung Dis 1992;73:245-6]. Tu b e rcle Lung Dis., 1992; 73: 5 2 - 8 .372. Kircher T, Nelson J, Burdo H. The autopsy as a measure of accuracy of the death certificate.N. Engl. J. Med., 1985; 313: 1263-9.373. Naalsund A, Heldal E, Johansen B, Kongerud J, Boe J. Deaths from pulmonary tuberculosisin a low-incidence country. J. Int. Med., 1994;236: 137-42.374. Lincoln EM. Tuberculous meningitis in children. With special reference to serous meningitis.Part I. Tuberculous meningitis. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 1947; 56: 75-94.375. Lincoln EM. Tuberculous meningitis in children. With special reference to serous meningitis.Part II. Serous tuberculous meningitis. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 1947; 56: 95-109.376. K rebs W. Die Fälle von Lunge n t u b e rkulose in der aarga u i s chen Heilstätte Barm e lweid ausden Jahren 1912-1927. Beitr Klin Tuberk, 1930; 74: 345-79.377. Stephens MG. Follow-up of 1,041 tuberculosis patients. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 1941; 44:451-62.378. Tat t e rsall WH. The surv ival of sputum-positive consumptives. A study of 1,192 cases in acounty borough between 1914 and 1940. Tubercle, 1947; 28: 85-96.379. Lowe CR. Recent trends in survival of patients with respiratory tuberculosis. Br. J. Prev. Soc.Med., 1954; 8: 91-8.380. Thompson BC. Survival rates in pulmonary tuberculosis. Br. Med. J., 1943; 2: 721.381. D rolet GJ. Present trend in case fatality rates in tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tu b e rc. , 1938; 37: 1 2 5 - 5 1 .382. Buhl K, Nyboe J. Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 9. Changes in mortalityof Danish tuberculosis patients since 1925. Bull. World Health Organ., 1967; 37: 907-25.- 170 -
383. Rieder HL, Ke l ly GD, B l o ch A B, Cauthen GM, Snider DE, J r. Tu b e rculosis diagnosed at deat hin the United States. Chest, 1991; 100: 678-811.384. E n a rson DA ,G r z y b owski S, D o rken E. Fa i l u re of diagnosis as a factor in tuberculosis mort a l i t y.Can. Med. J., 1978; 118: 1520-2.385. Edlin GP. Active tuberculosis unrecognised until necropsy. Lancet, 1978; 1: 650-2.386. Mäkelä V, Ala-Kulju K, Holst J, Siljander T. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> - diagnosed and undiagnosed - as acause of death. Autopsy observations. Scand. J. Respir. Dis., 1971; 52: 13-8.387. Bobrowitz ID. Active tuberculosis undiagnosed until autopsy. Am. J. Med., 1982; 72: 650-8.388. Juul A. Clinically undiagnosed active tuberculosis. Experience from an autopsy mat e rial. A c t aMed. Scand., 1977; 202: 225-9.389. Mackay AD, Cole RB. The problems of tuberculosis in the elderly. Quarterly J. Med., 1984;212: 497-510.390. Borgdorff MW, Veen J, Kalisvaart NA, Nagelkerke N. Mortality among tuberculosis patientsin the Netherlands in the period 1993-1995. Eur. Respir. J., 1998; 11: 816-20.391. Simpson DG. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> first registered at death. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1965; 92: 863-9.392. Aho K, B rander E, Jansson S, Pätiälä J. Tu b e rculosis deaths in subjects under age 50 withshort disease histories. Scand. J. Respir. Dis., 1971; 52: 19-25.393. Katz I, Rosenthal T, Michaeli D. Undiagnosed <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> in Hospitalized Patients. Chest,1985; 87: 770-4.394. Flora GS, Modilevsky T, Antoniskis D, Barnes PF. Undiagnosed tuberculosis in patients withhuman immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest, 1990; 98: 1056-9.395. K ramer F, M o d i l ev s ky T, Wa l i a ny A R ,Leedom JM, B a rnes PF. Delayed diagnosis of tuberc u l o s i sin patients with human immu n o d e fi c i e n cy virus infection. Am. J. Med. , 1990; 89: 4 5 1 - 6 .396. Hill RA, K ramer F, B a rnes PF. Delayed diagnosis of HIV- re l ated tuberc u l o s i s .(Correspondence). Am. J. Med., 1991; 91: 319.397. D atta M, Radhamani MP, S e l va raj R, Pa ra m a s ivan CN, Gopalan BN, S u d e e n d ra CR, et al.C ritical assessment of smear- p o s i t ive pulmonary tuberculosis patients after ch e m o t h e rapy underthe direct tuberculosis programme. Tubercle Lung Dis., 1993; 74: 180-6.398. Dubos J, Dubos R. The white plag u e. Edition 2. New Bru n sw i ck : R u t ge rs Unive rs i t yP re s s , 1 9 8 7 .399. Grigg ERN. The arcana of tuberculosis. With a brief epidemiologic history of the disease inthe U.S.A. Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 1958; 78: 151-72.400. Grigg ERN. The arcana of tuberculosis. With a brief epidemiologic history of the disease inthe U.S.A. Part III. Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 1958; 78: 426-53.401. Grigg ERN. The arcana of tuberculosis. With a brief epidemiologic history of the disease inthe U.S.A. Part IV. Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 1958; 78: 583-603.402. R e d e ker F. Epidemiologie und Statistik der Tu b e rk u l o s e. In: Hein J, K l e i n s chmidt H, U e h l i n ger E,e d i t o rs. Handbu ch der Tu b e rk u l o s e, Vol I of IV. Edition 1. Stuttga rt :G e o rg Th i e m e, 1 9 5 8 :4 0 7 - 9 8 .- 171 -
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Bases epidemiológicasdel control d
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ContenidoPrefacio..................
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Otras afecciones ..................
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PrefacioSe puede lograr un control
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AgradecimientosEl autor desea expre
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IntroducciónLa ep i d e m i o l og
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CAPÍTULO IExposición al bacilo tu
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Densidad de la poblaciónLa densida
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En este caso, dos generaciones se e
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CAPÍTULO 2Infección con el bacilo
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Figura 5. Tiempo de evaporación de
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de llegar a los alvéolos [23]. Por
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IntimoCasualIntimoCasualBaciloscopi
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fuente de contagio. Los sujetos que
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Figura 11. Correlación entre porce
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A comienzos del siglo XX, von Pirqu
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preparación se guarda en Copenhagu
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No contactoContactointermedioContac
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Figura 17. Distribución de frecuen
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Figura 20. Frecuencia de las reacci
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TanzaniaDjiboutiInduración (mm)Fig
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5 años de edad. Poco tiempo despu
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determinar la prevalencia de la inf
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puede ser interp retada ra zo n abl
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Figura 31. Relación hombre-mujer e
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Figura 34. P revalencia específica
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Figura 37. F recuencia de reaccione
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como la prevalencia son ex p resado
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Figura 38. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 41. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 43. Estimación de la preval
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Figura 45. Estimación de la preval
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ejemplos los casos son de tuberculo
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En los países donde el manejo de l
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Figura 49. F a c t o res de riesgo
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Figura 52. Incidencia de la tubercu
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[141], han arrojado alguna luz sobr
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Figura 55. E volución clínica e i
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gru p o p l a c eb o , no trat a d
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SexoParece ser que existe una difer
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Figura 60. Incidencia de la tubercu
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m i c o b a c t e rias ambientales
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Drogadicción por vía endovenosaR
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Un estudio detallado de los factore
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Tratamiento con corticoesteroidesLa
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son pro b ablemente de importancia
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sobre la morbilidad consecutiva a l
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una atención particular para focal
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Sin embargo la tasa de disminución
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Häro analizó la morbilidad de la
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Figura 72. Tasas de declaración de
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Figura 75. Incidencia estimada de t
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más elevada en los hombres que en
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[112]. Es evidente que los indicado
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Figura 82. Porcentaje anual promedi
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ápidamente en el mismo período de
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D ebido a múltiples obstáculos, e
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Figura 89. Tasa de incidencia de tu
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● Reactivación endógena de una
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siguientes: [335]: primero, la tube
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- Page 152 and 153: 18. Loudon RG, R o b e rts RM. Drop
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