301. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. Tu b e rculosis among A s i a n s / Pa c i fic Islanders - United Stat e s ,1985. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1987; 36: 331-4.302. R oyal Netherlands Tu b e rculosis A s s o c i ation. Index tuberculosis 1994 Nederl a n d. The Hag u e :Royal Netherlands <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> Association, 1996.303. Bundesamt für Gesundheitswesen / Office Fédéral de la Santé Publique. Tuberkulose in derSchweiz - La tuberculose en Suisse, 1988-1992. Bull. BAG/OFSP, 1993; (No. 41): 739-45.304. B o rg d o r ff MW, N age l ke rke N, van Soolingen D, De Haas PEW, Veen J, van Embden JDA .A n a lysis of tuberculosis transmission between nationalities in the Netherlands in the peri o d1993-1995 using DNA fingerprinting. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1998; 147: 187-95.305. Menzies D, Chan CH, Vissandjée B. Impact of immigration on tuberculosis infection amongCanadian-born schoolchildren and young adults in Montreal. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,1997; 156: 1915-21.306. M c C a rt hy OR. Asian immigrant tuberculosis - the effect of visiting Asia. Br. J. Dis. Chest, 1 9 8 4 ;78: 248-53.307. Nolan CM, E l a rth AM. Tu b e rculosis in a cohort of Southeast Asian re f u gees. A five - ye a rsurveillance study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1988; 137: 805-9.308. Horwitz O, Knudsen J. A follow-up study of tuberculosis incidence and general mortality inva rious occuptational-social groups of the Danish population. Bull. Wo rld Health Orga n . ,1 9 6 1 ;24: 793-805.309. C h ristensen O. Tu b e rculosis situation in the Scandinavian countri e s : D e n m a rk. Scand. J.Respir. Dis., 1978; (suppl): 21-7.310. Horwitz O. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> risk and marital status. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1971; 104: 22-31.311. Friedman LN, S u l l ivan GM, B evilaqua RP, Loscos R. Tu b e rculosis screening in alcoholicsand drug addicts. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1987; 136: 1188-92.312. G r z y b owski S,Allen EA, B l a ck WA ,Chao CW, E n a rson DA ,Isaac-Renton JL, et al. Inner-city surveyfor tuberc u l o s i s :eva l u ation of diagnostic methods. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1987; 135: 1 3 1 1 - 5 .313. Mientjes GHC, van Ameijden EJC, Keet RPM, van Deutekom H, van den Hoek A A R ,C o u t i n h oRA. Dispro p o rtional impact of the revised AIDS surveillance definition on the AIDS incidenceamong drug users compared to homosexual men. Eur. J. Publ. Health, 1995; 5: 288-90.314. Castilla J, Gutiérrez-Rodriguez A, Tella O. Sociodemographic predictors and temporal trendsof extrapulmonary tuberculosis as an AIDS-defining disease in Spain. AIDS, 1995; 9: 383-8.315. B u rrill D, E n a rson DA , Allen EA, G r z y b owski S. Tu b e rculosis in female nu rses in Bri t i s hColumbia: implications for control programs. Can. Med. Ass., J. 1985; 132: 137-40.316. Menzies D, Fanning A , Yuan L, Fi t z ge rald M. Tu b e rculosis among health care wo rke rs .N. Engl. J. Med., 1995; 332: 92-7.317. McKenna MT, Hutton M, Cauthen G, Onorato IM. The association between occupation andtuberculosis. A population-based survey. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996; 154: 587-93.318. Sutherland I. The epidemiology of tuberculosis and AIDS. British Communicable DiseaseReport., 1990; 90/10: 3-4.- 166 -
319. Di Perri G, Cruciani M, Danzi MC, Luzzati R, De Checchi G, Malena M, et al. Nosocomialepidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet, 1989; 2: 1502-4.320. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. M y c o b a c t e rium tuberculosis t ransmission in a health careclinic -- Florida, 1988. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1989; 38: 256-64.321. D o o l ey SW, Vi l l a rino ME, L aw rence M, Salinas L, Amil S, Rullan JV, et al. Nosocomialtransmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. J. Am. Med. Assoc.,1992; 267: 2632-5.322. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. Nosocomial transmission of mu l t i d ru g - resistant tuberculosis amongH I V- i n fected persons - Florida and New Yo rk , 1988-1991. Morb. Mortal. W k ly Rep . , 1 9 9 1 ;40: 585-91.323. Edlin BR, Tokars JI, Grieco HM, Crawford JT, Williams J, Sordillo EM, et al. An outbreak ofmu l t i d ru g - resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immu n o d e fi c i e n cysyndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 1992; 326: 1514-21.324. Pearson ML, Jereb JA, Frieden TR, Crawford JT, Davis BJ, Dooley SW, et al. Nosocomialtransmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis . A risk to patients and healthcare workers. Ann. Intern. Med., 1992; 117: 191-6.325. B e ck - S agué C, D o o l ey SW, Hutton MD, Otten J, B reeden A , C raw fo rd JT, et al. Hospitalo u t b reak of mu l t i d ru g - resistant M y c o b a c t e rium tuberculosis i n fections. Fa c t o rs in tra n s m i s s i o nto staff and HIV-infected patients. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1992; 268: 1280-6.326. Iseman MD. A leap of faith. Wh at can we do to curtail intrainstitutional transmission oftuberculosis? (Editorial). Ann. Intern. Med., 1992; 117: 251-3.327. Mukadi YB, De Cock KM. Special challenges of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children. Ann.Nestlé, 1997; 55: 35-41.328. Mukadi YD, Wiktor SZ, Coulibaly IM, Coulibaliy D, Mbengue A, Folquet AM, et al. Impactof HIV infection on the deve l o p m e n t , clinical pre s e n t at i o n , and outcome of tuberculosis amongchildren in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AIDS, 1997; 11: 1151-8.329. Lucas SB, Pe a c o ck CS, Hounnou A ,B rat t ega a rd K, Ko ffi K, Hondé M, et al. Disease in ch i l d re ninfected with HIV in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Br. Med. J., 1996; 312: 335-8.330. S a s s a n - M o ro k ro M, De Cock KM, A ckah A , Vetter KM, D o o rly R, B rat t ega a rd K, et al.Tu b e rculosis and HIV infection in ch i l d ren in A b i d j a n ,Côte d'Ivo i re. Trans. Roy Soc. Trop. Med.Hyg., 1994; 88: 178-81.331. I ke ogu MO, Wolf B, M athe S. Pulmonary manife s t ations in HIV sero p o s i t ivity and malnu t ri t i o nin Zimbabwe. Arch. Dis. Child, 1997; 76: 124-8.332. Rieder HL. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in children. Ann. Nestlé, 1997; 55: 1-9.333. Stoneburner RL, Kristal A. Increasing tuberculosis incidence and its relationship to acquiredi m mu n o d e fi c i e n cy syndrome in New Yo rk City. (Abstract). Intern ational Confe rence onAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-17, 1985; 1: 66.334. Pape JW, Liautaud B, Thomas F, M at h u rin JR, Amand MM, B o n cy M, et al. Chara c t e ri s t i c sof the aquired immu n o d e fi c i e n cy syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. N. Engl. J. Med. , 1983; 309:9 4 5 - 5 0 .- 167 -
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Bases epidemiológicasdel control d
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ContenidoPrefacio..................
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Otras afecciones ..................
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PrefacioSe puede lograr un control
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AgradecimientosEl autor desea expre
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IntroducciónLa ep i d e m i o l og
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CAPÍTULO IExposición al bacilo tu
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Densidad de la poblaciónLa densida
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En este caso, dos generaciones se e
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CAPÍTULO 2Infección con el bacilo
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Figura 5. Tiempo de evaporación de
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de llegar a los alvéolos [23]. Por
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IntimoCasualIntimoCasualBaciloscopi
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fuente de contagio. Los sujetos que
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Figura 11. Correlación entre porce
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A comienzos del siglo XX, von Pirqu
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preparación se guarda en Copenhagu
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No contactoContactointermedioContac
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Figura 17. Distribución de frecuen
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Figura 20. Frecuencia de las reacci
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TanzaniaDjiboutiInduración (mm)Fig
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5 años de edad. Poco tiempo despu
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determinar la prevalencia de la inf
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puede ser interp retada ra zo n abl
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Figura 31. Relación hombre-mujer e
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Figura 34. P revalencia específica
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Figura 37. F recuencia de reaccione
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como la prevalencia son ex p resado
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Figura 38. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 41. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 43. Estimación de la preval
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Figura 45. Estimación de la preval
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ejemplos los casos son de tuberculo
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En los países donde el manejo de l
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Figura 49. F a c t o res de riesgo
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Figura 52. Incidencia de la tubercu
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[141], han arrojado alguna luz sobr
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Figura 55. E volución clínica e i
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gru p o p l a c eb o , no trat a d
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SexoParece ser que existe una difer
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Figura 60. Incidencia de la tubercu
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m i c o b a c t e rias ambientales
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Drogadicción por vía endovenosaR
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Un estudio detallado de los factore
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Tratamiento con corticoesteroidesLa
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son pro b ablemente de importancia
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sobre la morbilidad consecutiva a l
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una atención particular para focal
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Sin embargo la tasa de disminución
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Häro analizó la morbilidad de la
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Figura 72. Tasas de declaración de
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Figura 75. Incidencia estimada de t
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más elevada en los hombres que en
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[112]. Es evidente que los indicado
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Figura 82. Porcentaje anual promedi
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ápidamente en el mismo período de
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D ebido a múltiples obstáculos, e
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Figura 89. Tasa de incidencia de tu
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- Page 152 and 153: 18. Loudon RG, R o b e rts RM. Drop
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- Page 174 and 175: 403. S a rt well PE, M o s e l ey C