233. B a rnett GD, G r z y b owski S, S t y blo K. Present risk of developing active tuberculosis inS a s k at ch ewan according to previous tuberculin and X-ray status. Bull. Int. Union Tu b e rc. ,1971; 45: 51-74.234. M i dd l eb rook G, Cohn ML. Some observations on the pat h ogenicity of isoniazid-re s i s t a n tvariants of tubercle bacilli. Science, 1953; 118: 297-9.235. M i t chison DA , Wallace JG, B h atia A L ,S e l kon JB, S u bbaiah T V, Lancaster MC. A compari s o nof the virulence in guinea-pigs of South Indian and British tubercle bacilli. Tu b e rcl e, 1 9 6 0 ;4 1 : 1 - 2 2 .236. D i ckinson JM, L e ffo rd MJ, L l oyd J, M i t chison DA. The virulence in the guinea-pig oft u b e rcle bacilli from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Ko n g. Tu b e rcl e, 1 9 6 3 ;4 4 : 4 4 6 - 5 1 .237. B a l a s u b ramanian V, Guo-Zhi W, Wi egeshaus E, Smith D. Vi rulence of M y c o b a c t e ri u mtuberculosis for guinea pigs: a quantitative modification of the assay developed by Mitchison.Tubercle Lung Dis., 1992; 73: 268-72.238. G ra n ge JM. Vi rulence of M y c o b a c t e rium tuberc u l o s i s. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 1985; 32: 5 5 - 6 0 .239. O rdway DJ, S o n n e n b e rg MG, Donahue SA, Belisle JT, O rme IM. Dru g - resistant strains ofM y c o b a c t e rium tuberculosis exhibit a ra n ge of virulence for mice. Infect. Immu n i t y, 1995; 63:741-3.240. Va lway SE, S a n chez MPC, S h i n n i ck T F, O rme I, A ge rton T, H oy D, et al. An outbreak invo l v i n gextensive transmission of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med.,1998; 338: 633-9.241. A rvanitakis Z, Long RL, H e rs h field ES, M a n f reda J, K abani A , Kunimoto D, et al.M . t u b e rc u l o s i s molecular va ri ation in CNS infection. Evidence for stra i n - d ep e n d e n tneurovirulence. Neurology, 1998; 50: 1827-32.242. Mitchison DA. Drug resistance in mycobacteria. Br. Med. Bull., 1984; 40: 84-90.243. Li Z, Ke l l ey C, Collins F, Rouse D, M o rris S. Expression of katG in M y c o b a c t e rium tuberc u l o s i sis associated with its growth and persistence in mice and guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis.,1998; 177: 1030-5.244. Wilson TM, De Lisle GW, Collins DM. Effect of inhA and katG on isoniazid resistance andvirulence of Mycobacterium bovis. Mol. Microbiol., 1995; 15: 1009-15.245. Frieden T R , F u j i wa ra PI, Wa s h ko RM, H a m bu rg MA. Tu b e rculosis in New Yo rk City - turn i n gthe tide. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995; 333: 229-33.246. Fujiwara PI, Cook SV, Rutherford CM, Crawford JT, Glickman SE, Kreiswirth BN, et al. Ac o n t i nuing survey of dru g - resistant tuberc u l o s i s , N ew Yo rk City, Ap ril 1994. A rch. Intern .Med., 1997; 157: 531-6.247. Davies J. Antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria. Novartis Found Symp., 1998; 217: 195-208.248. H e i m b e ck J. Sur la va c c i n ation préve n t ive de la tuberculose par injection sous-cutanée de BCGchez les élève s - i n fi rm i è res de l'hôpital Ulleva l , à Oslo (Norv è ge). Ann. Inst. Pa s t e u r, 1928; 42:1229-32.- 162 -
249. Lin BT. Reinfection with mu l i t d ru g - resistant tuberculosis. (Correspondence). N. Engl. J. Med. ,1993; 111: 811-2.250. Nardell E, McInnis B, Thomas B, Weidhaas S. Exogenous reinfection with tuberculosis in ashelter for the homeless. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986; 315: 1570-5.251. Nolan CM. Reinfection with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. (Correspondence). N. Engl. J.Med., 1993; 329: 811.252. Small PM, Shafer RW, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, Murphy MJ, Desmond E, et al. Exogenousre i n fection with mu l t i d ru g - resistant M y c o b a c t e rium tuberculosis in patients with adva n c e dHIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993; 328: 1137-44.253. Turett GS, Fazal BA, Justman JE,Alland D, Duncalf RM, Telzak EE. Exogenous reinfectionwith multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Correspondence). Clin. Infect. Dis.,1997; 24: 513-4.254. Raleigh JW, Wi chelhausen R. Exogenous re i n fection with M y c o b a c t e rium tuberc u l o s i sconfirmed by phage typing. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1973; 108: 639-42.255. D a l ey CL. Tu b e rculosis re c u rrence in A f ri c a :t rue re l apse or re - i n fection? Lancet, 1993; 342: 7 5 6 - 7 .256. Das S, Chan SL, Allen BW, M i t chison DA , L ow rie DB. Ap p l i c ation of DNA fi n ge rp ri n t i n gwith IS986 to sequential my c o b a c t e rial isolates obtained from pulmonary tuberc u l o s i sp atients in Hong Kong befo re, d u ring and after short - c o u rse ch e m o t h e rapy. Tu b e rcle LungD i s . , 1993; 74: 4 7 - 5 1 .257. Godfrey-Faussett P, Githui W, Batchelor B, Brindle R, Paul J, Hawken M,et al. Recurrence ofH I V- re l ated tuberculosis in an endemic area may be due to re l apse or re i n fection. Tu b e rcle LungDis., 1994; 75: 199-202.258. V y n ny cky E, Fine PEM. The nat u ral history of tuberc u l o s i s : the implications of age - d ep e n d e n trisks of disease and the role of reinfection. Epidemiol. Infect., 1997; 119: 183-201.259. Canetti G. Endogenous re a c t ivation and ex ogenous re i n fection. Their re l at ive importance withrega rd to the development of non-pri m a ry tuberculosis. Bull. Int. Union Tu b e rc. , 1972; 47: 1 1 6 -22.260. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> Statistics in the United States 1991.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services Publication, 1993.261. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> Statistics in the United States 1992.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services Publication, 1994.262. C e n t e rs for Disease Control and Prevention. Tu b e rculosis morbidity - United Stat e s , 1 9 9 5 .Morb/ Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1996; 45: 365-70.263. C e n t e rs for Disease Control and Prevention. Tu b e rculosis morbidity - United Stat e s , 1 9 9 7 .Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 1998; 47: 253-7.264. Powell KE, B rown D, Fa rer LS. Tu b e rculosis among Indochinese re f u gees in the United Stat e s .J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1983; 249: 1455-60.265. C e n t e rs for Disease Control. Tu b e rculosis - United Stat e s , fi rst 39 we e k s , 1985. Morb. Mort a l .Wkly Rep., 1985; 34: 625-8.- 163 -
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Bases epidemiológicasdel control d
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ContenidoPrefacio..................
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Otras afecciones ..................
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PrefacioSe puede lograr un control
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AgradecimientosEl autor desea expre
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IntroducciónLa ep i d e m i o l og
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CAPÍTULO IExposición al bacilo tu
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Densidad de la poblaciónLa densida
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En este caso, dos generaciones se e
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CAPÍTULO 2Infección con el bacilo
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Figura 5. Tiempo de evaporación de
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de llegar a los alvéolos [23]. Por
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IntimoCasualIntimoCasualBaciloscopi
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fuente de contagio. Los sujetos que
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Figura 11. Correlación entre porce
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A comienzos del siglo XX, von Pirqu
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preparación se guarda en Copenhagu
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No contactoContactointermedioContac
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Figura 17. Distribución de frecuen
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Figura 20. Frecuencia de las reacci
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TanzaniaDjiboutiInduración (mm)Fig
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5 años de edad. Poco tiempo despu
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determinar la prevalencia de la inf
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puede ser interp retada ra zo n abl
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Figura 31. Relación hombre-mujer e
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Figura 34. P revalencia específica
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Figura 37. F recuencia de reaccione
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como la prevalencia son ex p resado
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Figura 38. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 41. Tendencias del riesgo an
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Figura 43. Estimación de la preval
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Figura 45. Estimación de la preval
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ejemplos los casos son de tuberculo
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En los países donde el manejo de l
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Figura 49. F a c t o res de riesgo
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Figura 52. Incidencia de la tubercu
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[141], han arrojado alguna luz sobr
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Figura 55. E volución clínica e i
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gru p o p l a c eb o , no trat a d
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SexoParece ser que existe una difer
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Figura 60. Incidencia de la tubercu
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m i c o b a c t e rias ambientales
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Drogadicción por vía endovenosaR
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Un estudio detallado de los factore
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Tratamiento con corticoesteroidesLa
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son pro b ablemente de importancia
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sobre la morbilidad consecutiva a l
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una atención particular para focal
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Sin embargo la tasa de disminución
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Häro analizó la morbilidad de la
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Figura 72. Tasas de declaración de
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Figura 75. Incidencia estimada de t
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más elevada en los hombres que en
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[112]. Es evidente que los indicado
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Figura 82. Porcentaje anual promedi
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ápidamente en el mismo período de
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- Page 152 and 153: 18. Loudon RG, R o b e rts RM. Drop
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