Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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malnutrition among children age 2–5 (as measured by weight for age) is estimated at 34%. Recent developments in the rice sector The agricultural sector (including forestry and fisheries) contributed approximately one-sixth of GDP in 2000, with rice production responsible for about one-fourth of this contribution. Rice constitutes nearly 40% of total crop area harvested and is the country’s staple food, accounting for slightly more than half of caloric intake and nearly half of protein intake. Rice accounts for 20% of total expenditures for the poorest quarter of the urban population. Even in rural areas, many poor people are net consumers of rice, since 45% of rural households on Java do not own any land and another 20% own less than 0.25 ha. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Indonesia was the world’s largest rice importer, often importing one-fourth of total supplies on the world market. From 1967 to 1986, however, total rice production tripled, probably the most extraordinary growth rate of staple food production in human history, and self-sufficiency was achieved by the mid-1980s. This rapid production growth was achieved through the adoption of modern high-yielding varieties and fertilizers by farmers. Adoption of these varieties was greatly facilitated by government programs such as fertilizer subsidies and rice price stabilization around the long-term trend of world prices. Large investments in rural infrastructure such as irrigation, roads, and schools also played a critical role. While per hectare yields more than doubled from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, the national average yield today is no greater than it was ten years ago. This stagnation has been the primary factor behind Indonesia’s return as the largest importer on the world market in the second half of the 1990s. Despite continued urbanization, rice harvested area increased steadily during the past decade, from about 10.5 million hectares in 1990 to nearly 12 million ha in 1999. Rice policy has changed substantially in the aftermath of the Southeast Asian financial crisis that led to the resignation of President Suharto in 1998. A substantial increase in rice prices in late 1998 led to significant increases in poverty, and this precipitated shifts in policy. While the national logistics agency Bulog formerly had monopoly control over all rice import and export decisions, adoption of an International Monetary Fund stabilization program led to the entry of private-sector traders, who are currently allowed to make import decisions subject only to a tariff. Bulog’s successful defense of farm-gate floor prices for nearly 30 years also ended because of political and institutional constraints. Recently, all subsidies on fertilizer were eliminated. Rice environments As of the mid-1990s, 54% of the rice area in Indonesia was irrigated, with 35% rainfed lowland, and 11% upland. Nearly all of the irrigated area can be planted to two or more crops of rice per year, and much of the rainfed area has favorable growing conditions. Most irrigated lowland rice areas are located in floodplains. However, they can also be found on mountainsides wherever there is water. Rainfed lands are on both floodplains and undulating landscapes. Uplands are mostly on undulating landscapes. Current estimates are that about 80% of rice land is planted to modern varieties. On Java, most rice is transplanted. Labor use in rice production is relatively high, typically exceeding 200 persondays per hectare per crop. Production constraints In irrigated and favorable rainfed lowlands, especially on Java, the relatively heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers makes nutrient imbalance a serious problem. Indonesia is also particularly vulnerable to the vagaries of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In years when surface water temperatures rise substantially in the western Pacific Ocean, signaling an El Niño event, rice production suffers a serious shortfall, with most of the effects coming from a reduction in rice area planted (as opposed to lower yields). The reduction in area occurs even in systems that are usually irrigated, as lower rainfall leads to a reduced availability of irrigation water. In upland rice areas, erosion is a serious problem because on steep slopes the fields are neither bunded nor terraced. This can cause serious sedimentation problems in lowland irrigation systems. Alley cropping as well as terracing are being introduced in some areas, but these cultural practices have not yet been widely adopted by farmers. Upland soils are also more weathered and leached, leading to problems of Al toxicity and P nutrient deficiencies that combine Rice around the world 95
Weighing the rice harvest in West Java. to reduce yields. Soil acidity is serious in tidal swamps because of acid-sulfate soils. That is accompanied by Fe toxicity as well as some deficiencies of P and micronutrients. Production opportunities Indonesia has developed a cadre of researchers capable of undertaking rice research and collaborating with colleagues in other countries. The Research Institute for Rice (RIR), located in Sukamandi, West Java, is the main institute conducting biophysical rice research. Some trials and assessments on rice are also conducted by the regional institute of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) at the provincial level. The Center for Agro-Socio-Economic Research (CASER), located in Bogor, has a long tradition of conducting socioeconomic research on rice and the agricultural sector more broadly. Future research efforts will need to focus on several areas: • achieving higher and sustainable rice yields through integrated crop and resource management • breeding of varieties with higher yield (Indonesia is a member of the hybrid rice network) and actively testing and developing the new plant type • further breeding of varieties resistant to pests and diseases using marker-aided selection and other techniques • development of varieties tolerant of drought and soil toxicities • development of varieties and other strategies to stabilize yields • development of improved nutrient management strategies • crop diversification 96 Rice almanac
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Third Edition Source Book for the M
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Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
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Foreword The first edition of the R
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The facts of rice Production Rice f
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Transplanting is the planting of 1-
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Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
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Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
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from working on these farms. In the
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The rice plant and its ecology Morp
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Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
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Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
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Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
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growth duration (around 100 d), gre
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and high levels of exchangeable Al.
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In these environments, rice yields
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insects, spiders, and microorganism
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Predator movements between habitats
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Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
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terraces of the northern Philippine
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precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
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Hybrid breeding has also begun with
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UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
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year, was actually less than 19 mil
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herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 104 and 105: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 112 and 113: in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 120 and 121: country. This is because rice has e
Page 124 and 125: incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 128 and 129: consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 132 and 133: AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135: ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137: The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139: BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141: BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143: BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145: CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147: CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149: The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
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The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
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CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
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The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
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ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
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EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
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FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
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The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
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The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
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GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
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GUINEA is a populous country (popul
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GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
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GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
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KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
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Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
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LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
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MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
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MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
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MALI, one of the larger West Africa
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MAURITANIA is a large West African
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MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
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MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
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NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
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NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
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NIGER is one of the larger Central
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NIGERIA is the most populous countr
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PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
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PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
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PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
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PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
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The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
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SENEGAL is a West African country f
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SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
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SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
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SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
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SURINAME is a small Latin American
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TANZANIA is a large country between
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TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
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The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
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URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
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VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
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Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
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7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
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22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
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52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
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India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
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Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
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Rice facts Freshwater resources per
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Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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