Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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NIGERIA is the most populous country in Africa, with a population in 1999 of 108.9 million. Much of the land, 924,000 km 2 in total, is arable because of the presence of extensive river systems. The northern areas consist of dry plateaus and grasslands. There are also central grasslands. The southern lowlands, where most of the population lives, contain tropical forests and are the site of most agriculture. Agriculture occupies 54% of the workforce and constitutes 33% of the GDP. General information • GNI per capita PPP$, 2000: 800 • Internal renewable water resources: 221 km 3 • Incoming water flow: 59 km 3 • Main food consumed: millet and sorghum, roots and tubers, oil and fat, rice, maize • Rice consumption, 1999: 23.3 kg milled rice per person per year Production constraints The following are the major constraints to sustainable rice production in Nigeria: • Shifting cultivation in upland areas • Drought in upland areas and drought and flash flood in rainfed lowland (or inland swamp) and tidal wetland (or mangrove) areas because of irregular weather • Heat-induced sterility at the end of the offseason in irrigated areas in northern parts • Cold-induced sterility in December • Shortage of water in the dry season • Poor maintenance of irrigation facilities • Inadequate and irregular input supplies: seeds, fertilizer, and credit • Lack of small farm equipment, especially for postharvest operations • Poor maintenance of developed swamps • Poor drainage, iron toxicity in undeveloped swamps • Lack of effective farmers’ organizations and cooperatives • Lack of well-defined rice policy • Poor road networks and marketing systems • Weak research and extension support Production season Planting Harvesting Main season, south Apr-May Aug-Oct Main season, north Jun-Jul Nov-Dec Off-season, south Nov-Dec Mar-Apr Off-season, north Jan-Feb May-Jun 204 Rice almanac
Percent 100 80 60 40 Calorie share Protein share Index (1966 = 100) 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 Production Area Yield 20 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Share of calories and protein from rice, 1966-99 400 200 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2000 Indices of rice production, area, and yield, 1966-2000 The scale on this graph is not comparable with the scale on production, area, and yield graphs for most other countries. Kg/capita 500 400 300 200 100 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Per capita production (paddy terms), 1966-99 Percent 100 80 Exports 60 40 20 0 –20 –40 Imports –60 –80 –100 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Net trade status, 1966-99 Basic statistics, Nigeria 19851990 19951998 1999 2000 Rice Area harvested (ha) 670,000 1,208,000 1,796,000 2,044,000 2,061,000 2,061,000 Yield (t/ha) 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Production (t) 1,430,000 2,500,000 2,920,000 3,275,000 3,277,000 3,277,000 Rice imports (t) 356,135 224,000 300,000 594,057 687,925 na Others Population, total (×10 3 ) 75,805 87,031 98,952 106,409 108,945 na Population, agriculture (×10 3 ) 36,74537,431 37,646 37,433 37,309 na Agricultural area (×10 3 ha) 71,03572,074 72,830 69,938 na na Irrigated agricultural area (×10 3 ha) 200 230 235233 na na Total fertilizer consumption (t) 292,000 400,340 183,000 188,300 na na Tractors used in agric. (no.) 18,000 23,000 28,500 30,000 na na Source: FAOSTAT online database. Rice around the world 205
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Third Edition Source Book for the M
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Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
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Foreword The first edition of the R
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The facts of rice Production Rice f
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Transplanting is the planting of 1-
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Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
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Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
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from working on these farms. In the
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The rice plant and its ecology Morp
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Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
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Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
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Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
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growth duration (around 100 d), gre
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and high levels of exchangeable Al.
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In these environments, rice yields
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insects, spiders, and microorganism
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Predator movements between habitats
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Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
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terraces of the northern Philippine
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precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
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Hybrid breeding has also begun with
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UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
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year, was actually less than 19 mil
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herbicide was present, these select
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2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
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tive mechanisms of the three intern
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Integrated Natural Resource Managem
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evaluate prototype technologies for
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eaches of river systems, in which a
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to be combined in a coherent and co
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natural resource base. To fulfill t
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objectives are to focus rice-sector
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Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
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Table 1. Production and consumption
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Table 3. Population growth versus r
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Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
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Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
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flooding the rice field to stimulat
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Rice in North America Rice in North
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Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
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Rice in Latin America and the Carib
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Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
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Table 1. Production, consumption, a
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occur only by shifting out of other
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The top 10 rice-producing countries
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eastern, and south-central areas, w
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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The Rajasthan desert extending west
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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malnutrition among children age 2-5
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Recent developments in the rice sec
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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country. This is because rice has e
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
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ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
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BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
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BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
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CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
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CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
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The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
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CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159: The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161: ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163: EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165: FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167: The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169: The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171: GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173: GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175: GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177: GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179: IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181: ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183: KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185: REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187: Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189: LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191: MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193: MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195: MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197: MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199: MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201: MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203: NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205: NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207: NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 210 and 211: PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213: PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215: PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217: PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219: The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221: SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223: SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225: SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227: SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229: SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231: TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233: TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235: The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237: URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239: VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241: Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243: 7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245: 22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247: 37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249: 52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251: India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253: Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255: Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257: Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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