Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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Table 1. Typical profile of a flooded rice soil. Horizon Ofw Apox Apg Apx B Description A layer of standing water that becomes the habitat of bacteria, phytoplankton, macrophytes (submerged and floating weeds), zooplankton, and aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. The chemical status of the floodwater depends on the water source, soil, nature and biomass of aquatic fauna and flora, cultural practices, and rice growth. The pH of the standing water is determined by the alkalinity of the water source, soil pH, algal activity, and fertilization. Because of the growth of algae and aquatic weeds, the pH and O 2 content undergo marked diurnal fluctuations. During daytime, the pH may increase to 11 and the standing water becomes oversaturated with O 2 because of photosynthesis of the aquatic biomass. Standing water stabilizes the soil water regime, moderates the soil temperature regime, prevents soil erosion, and enhances C and N supply. The floodwater-soil interface that receives sufficient O 2 from the floodwater to maintain a pE + pH value + above the range below which NH 4 is the most stable form of N. The thickness of the layer may range from several millimeters to several centimeters, depending on pedoturbation by soil fauna and the percolation rate of water. The reduced puddled layer is characterized by the absence of free O 2 in the soil solution and a pE + pH value below the range at which Fe(III) is reduced. A layer that has increased bulk density, high mechanical strength, and low permeability. It is frequently referred to as a plow or traffic pan. The characteristics of the B horizon depend highly on water regime. In epiaquic moisture regimes, the horizon generally remains oxidized, and mottling occurs along cracks and in wide pores. In aquic moisture regimes, the whole horizon, or at least the interior of soil peds, remains reduced during most years. Mn. Plowing and puddling often result in the development of a dense layer below the cultivated topsoil. Three types of water saturation occur in rice soils: (1) endosaturation, in which the entire soil is saturated with water; (2) episaturation, in which upper soil layers are saturated but underlain by unsaturated subsoil layers; and (3) anthric saturation, a variant of episaturation with controlled flooding and puddled surface soil. The properties of a typical soil profile of a flooded rice soil during the middle of a growing season are shown in Table 1. Many rice-growing countries have developed classification systems that distinguish natural wetland soils from rice soils. The only soil classification systems applicable worldwide are found in the legend of the FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy. In the FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World, Gleysols, Fluvisols, Planosols, Plinthosols, and Histosols make up most of the wetland soils. Gleyic subunits of Arenosols, Andosols, Cambisols, Solonetz, Solonchaks, Chernozems, Pharozems, Greyzems, Luvisols, Podsoluvisols, Podsols, Lixisols, Acrisols, and Alisols are also mostly wetland soils. Although Vertisols, Nitosols, and Ferralsols have no gleyic subunits, these soils may be artificially flooded and sown to rice. Soil taxonomy does not recognize wetland soils, but classifies soils with aquic conditions at the suborder level and soils with hydromorphism at the subgroup level. Most hydromorphic soils, which have an aquic moisture regime, are equivalent to wetland soils in soil taxonomy. Suborders with aquic conditions are found in the orders of Spodosols, Andosols, Oxisols, Vertisols, Ultisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. Most Histosols are wetland soils per se. Practically all Aridisols are upland soils. Soils within the aquic subgroups showing hydromorphism generally are not wetland soils because signs of wetness are found only in subsoil horizons. Research is now being conducted to grow rice on dry, but irrigated land. See “aerobic rice” on page 32. The rice plant and its ecology 15
Environments The rice plant’s environments have been divided into agroecological zones (AEZs), which are geographic mapping units developed by FAO. They are based on climatic conditions and land forms that determine relatively homogeneous crop growing environments. Characterization of AEZs permits a quantitative assessment of the biophysical resources upon which agriculture and forestry research depend. The classification system distinguishes among tropical regions, subtropical regions with summer or winter rainfall, and temperate regions. These major regions are further subdivided into rainfed moisture zones, lengths of growing period, and thermal zones based on the temperature regime that prevails during the growing season. The definitions of terms used in AEZ classifications are tropics regions with monthly mean temperature, corrected to sea level, of >18 °C for all months subtropics regions with monthly mean temperature, corrected to sea level, of
Page 2 and 3: Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75:
Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77:
flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79:
Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81:
Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83:
Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85:
Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87:
Table 1. Production, consumption, a
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occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91:
The top 10 rice-producing countries
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eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97:
The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 98 and 99:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 100 and 101:
malnutrition among children age 2-5
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 104 and 105:
Recent developments in the rice sec
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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country. This is because rice has e
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
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CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
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GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
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GUINEA is a populous country (popul
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GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
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KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
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Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
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LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
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MALI, one of the larger West Africa
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MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
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MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
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NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
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VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
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India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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