Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN 6 5 6 3 3 MYANMAR 7 INDIA 1 2 BANGLADESH 2 3 LAO PDR 3 PHILIPPINES 2 3 CAMBODIA 3 SRI LANKA THAILAND VIETNAM Dominant agroecological zones 3 1 Warm arid and semiarid tropics 2 Warm subhumid tropics 3 3 Warm humid tropics 5 Warm arid and semiarid subtropics with summer rainfall 6 Warm subhumid subtropics with summer rainfall 7 Warm/cool humid subtropics with summer rainfall 8 Cool subtropics with summer rainfall Fig. 6. Regional agroecological zones in Asia. MALAYSIA 3 INDONESIA 3 3 Table 2. Asian rice areas as of mid-1990s (000 ha). Deepwater Irrigated Rainfed State Upland (flood-prone) Total rice (>100 cm) Wet Dry Shallow Intermediate area (0–30 cm) (30–100 cm) India 5,060 1,364 15,537 4,123 11,985 4,447 42,516 China 499 0 20,490 9,146 1,990 0 32,125 Indonesia 1,209 2 2,963 2,963 2,872 1,006 11,015 Bangladesh 697 1,220 351 2,267 3,271 2,873 10,679 Thailand 203 342 274 665 6,382 1,778 9,644 Vietnam 322 177 1,630 1,630 1,963 651 6,373 Myanmar 214 362 1,812 1,386 2,033 478 6,285 Philippines 165 0 1,175 1,029 911 341 3,621 Pakistan 0 0 2,125 0 0 0 2,125 Cambodia 24 152 140 165 1,069 349 1,899 Nepal 68 118 706 24 406 166 1,488 Korea, Rep. of 1 0 776 0 326 0 1,103 Sri Lanka 0 0 377 251 213 26 867 Korea, DPR 88 0 456 0 136 0 680 Malaysia 80 0 228 210 135 15 668 Lao PDR 219 0 33 11 348 0 611 Taiwan, China 0 0 133 133 0 0 266 Bhutan 4 0 5 0 16 1 26 Total 8,853 3,737 49,211 24,003 34,056 12,131 131,991 Source: Huke RE, Huke EH. 1997. Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia. IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. The rice plant and its ecology 17
egions where modern rice technologies have yet to make an impressive impact; area expansion has been an important source of growth in rice production. Strategic research is needed for these regions, not only for maintaining the natural resource base but also for genetic improvements of germplasm, so that constraints to increased rice production imposed by abiotic and biotic stresses—droughts, floods, waterlogging, salinity, weeds, pests, and diseases—can be minimized. Irrigated rice ecosystem Physical description Irrigated rice is grown in bunded fields with assured irrigation for one or more crops a year. Rainfall variability is the basis for subdividing the irrigated ecosystem into irrigated wet season and irrigated dry season. Irrigated wet season areas are those where irrigation water may be added to the rice fields during the wet season as a supplement to rainfall. Relatively small volumes of water early in the season or during a midseason dry period can pay large dividends in assuring the success of a crop threatened by erratic precipitation. Irrigated dry season areas are those where no rice crop can be grown without supplemental water during the rice season. Rainfall is usually very low, cloud cover is minimal, and the levels of incoming solar radiation are markedly above those of the rainy season. In the dry season, evapotranspiration is high and water needs are considerably greater than during the wet season. In most areas, the combination of assured water throughout the season, high solar radiation, low pest incidence, and high input levels results in high yields. Worldwide, about 79 million ha of rice are grown under irrigated conditions. Average yields vary from 3 to 9 t/ha. Because the risk of crop failure is lower than in the other ecosystems, farmers of irrigated land use more purchased inputs than in nonirrigated production. Even though irrigated rice represents only about onehalf of the world’s rice land, more than 75% of the world’s rice supply is produced from irrigated rice. Improved rice cultivars that have been developed for irrigated rice are short in height and responsive to N fertilization. Equally important is their short duration, allowing two and sometimes three crops per year. Additionally, most improved cultivars have resistance to several insects and diseases and some tolerance for adverse soils. East Asia, 93% of which is irrigated, accounts for about 43% of the world’s irrigated rice area. In the tropics of South and Southeast Asia, only about 40% of the rice area is irrigated. In West Africa, only about 10.5% of the rice area is irrigated. Productivity Based on current national or regional yield averages, the irrigated rice ecosystem can be divided into high-yielding areas where yields are >5 t/ha, medium-yielding areas with yields of 4– 5 t/ha, and low-yielding areas that typically achieve yields of
Page 2 and 3: Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75:
Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77:
flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79:
Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81:
Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83:
Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85:
Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87:
Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89:
occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91:
The top 10 rice-producing countries
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eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97:
The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 98 and 99:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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malnutrition among children age 2-5
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 104 and 105:
Recent developments in the rice sec
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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country. This is because rice has e
Page 122 and 123:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 126 and 127:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 130 and 131:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
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Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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