Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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Table 3. World rice area, yield, and production, various years. Arable land + Rough rice Year permanent Area Yield Production crops a (000 ha) (000 ha) (t/ha) (000 t) 1948 1,232,000 86,700 1.68 145,400 1953 1,332,000 109,025 1.82 197,906 1958 1,390,000 117,017 1.92 224,093 1963 1,355,864 120,277 2.05 247,139 1968 1,377,311 129,449 2.23 288,714 1973 1,397,696 136,824 2.45 334,988 1978 1,423,870 143,638 2.68 385,106 1983 1,454,147 143,074 3.14 449,048 1988 1,497,719 146,252 3.34 488,292 1993 1,504,732 145,811 3.63 529,803 1998 1,380,239 152,002 3.81 578,786 1999 1,511,766 156,462 3.88 607,780 2000 1,511,766 153,766 3.89 598,852 a This column reports land in both temporary and permanent crops. Source of basic data: FAO production yearbook, 1952; FAOSTAT database. diminishing returns and have been increasingly difficult to achieve. Rice as human food Rice, wheat, and maize are the three leading food crops in the world; together they directly supply more than 50% of all calories consumed by the entire human population. Wheat is the leader in area harvested each year with 214 million ha, followed by rice with 154 million ha and maize with 140 million ha (Table 4). Human consumption accounts for 85% of total production for rice, compared with 72% for wheat and 19% for maize. Rice provides 21% of global human per capita energy and 15% of per capita protein. Although rice protein ranks high in nutritional quality among cereals, protein content is modest. Unmilled (brown) rice of 17,587 cultivars in the IRRI germplasm collection averages 9.5% protein content, ranging from 4.3% to 18.2%. Environmental factors (soil fertility, wet or dry season, solar radiation, and temperature during grain development) and crop management (added N fertilizer, plant spacing) affect rice protein content. Breeding efforts to increase protein have been largely unsuccessful because of the considerable effects of environment and because of complex inheritance properties in the triploid endosperm tissue. Rice also provides minerals, vitamins, and fiber, although all constituents except carbohydrates are reduced by milling. Milling removes roughly 80% of the thiamine from brown rice. A precook rinse or a boiling of milled rice results in additional loss of vitamins, especially B 1 . Average calorie intake per person in some developing countries—Cambodia and Madagascar—is as low as 2,000/day, while in some developed countries such as the U.S., it reaches almost twice that amount. The proportion that calories from rice make of the total calorie intake also varies greatly, from threequarters in developing countries such as Bangladesh and Cambodia to only 2% in Turkey, Mexico, and the former USSR countries. The world average total calorie intake in 1999 was 2,808/person/day, of which rice made up 21%. The world average consumption of rice in 1999 was 58 kg, with the highest intake in some Asian countries; Myanmar has the highest annual consumption at 211 kg/person (Table 5). Rice eaters and growers constitute the bulk of the world’s poor: according to the UNDP Human Development Report for 1997, approximately 70% of the world’s 1.3 billion poor people live in Asia, where rice is the staple food. To some extent, this reflects Asia’s large population, but even in relative terms malnutrition appears to affect a substantially larger share of the population in South Asia than in Africa. For these people, rice is the most important commodity in their daily lives. In countries such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Myanmar, the average citizen consumes 150–200 kg annually, which accounts for two-thirds or more of caloric intake and approximately 60% of 6 Rice almanac
Table 4. World food picture. Human population (million) 6,055.1 Land use, 1998 (million ha) Total land area 13,048.4 Arable land 1,380.2 Permanent crops 131.5 Permanent pastures 3,426.5 Forest and woodlands (1994) 4,157.2 Other land 3,952.9 Food production Area Production Food (million t) Per capita/day (1999) Crop (million ha) (million t) 1999 Calories Protein (g) Rice (rough) 153.8 598.9 515.9 65% milling rate 577 11 Maize 139.7 590.8 113.0 80% for feed 156 4 Wheat 213.6 576.3 416.0 70% milling rate 537 16 Millet and sorghum 78.0 85.8 44.9 30% milling rate 62 2 Barley and rye, excluding beer 66.9 152.0 14.2 70% milling rate 17 0.4 Oats 12.8 26.0 2.9 65% milling rate 3 0.1 Potato 18.8 311.3 184.7 60% for feed 57 1 Sweet potatoes and yams 13.4 178.7 87.2 50% for feed 39 0.4 Subtotal 1,448 34.9 All foods 2,808 75 Table 5. Rice consumption, caloric intake, and percent of calories from rice, 1999. Total b Country Milled rice calories/ Rice calories/ % consumption a capita/ capita/ calories (kg/capita/year) day day from rice Myanmar 211 2,803 2,050 73 Lao PDR 171 2,152 1,516 70 Vietnam 170 2,564 1,676 65 Bangladesh 168 2,201 1,676 76 Cambodia 165 2,000 1,527 76 Indonesia 154 2,931 1,525 52 Thailand 101 2,411 1,004 42 Philippines 100 2,357 974 41 Madagascar 91 1,994 926 46 China 91 3,045 911 30 India 74 2,417 736 30 Japan 60 2,782 642 23 Egypt 41 3,323 426 13 Brazil 40 3,012 409 14 Nigeria 23 2,833 237 8 Pakistan 15 2,462 150 6 South Africa 12 2,805 119 4 USA 9 3,754 94 3 Turkey 7 3,469 65 2 Mexico 6 3,168 61 2 USSR (former area) 5 2,778 47 2 World 58 2,808 577 21 a Amount available for human consumption. b Data include all food available for human consumption. Source: FAO online database (FAO update 31 May 2001). daily protein consumption. Even in relatively wealthier countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, rice still accounts for nearly 50% of calories and one-third or more of protein. Rice is also the most important crop to millions of small farmers who grow it on millions of hectares throughout the region, and to the many landless workers who derive income Importance of rice 7
Page 2 and 3: Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65:
objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67:
Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69:
Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75:
Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77:
flooding the rice field to stimulat
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Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81:
Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83:
Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85:
Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87:
Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89:
occur only by shifting out of other
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The top 10 rice-producing countries
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eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97:
The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 98 and 99:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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malnutrition among children age 2-5
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Recent developments in the rice sec
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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country. This is because rice has e
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
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ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
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BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
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BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
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CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
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The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
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Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
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MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
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NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
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NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
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PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
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Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
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7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
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22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
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India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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