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Integrated Natural Resource Management at IRRI Much of IRRI’s research in the past has been in the area of integrated natural resource management (INRM)—albeit under different names. The ultimate goal of the Institute’s research on the more efficient use of natural capital such as water and soil is to protect and improve the environment while maintaining and improving rice yields. Long-term yield/productivity. In recent decades, IRRI and other institutions have been concerned about the sustainability of intensive irrigated rice production. Based on IRRI’s own long-term research, evidence suggested that, under continuously flooded rice with three crops per year, yields declined significantly. However, with help from a 100-strong team of researchers in China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, exhaustive long-term experiments have shown that, in tropical and subtropical Asia, yield declines seem to be less common than previously thought. IRRI’s fields proved to be one of the exceptional cases, probably because of prolonged soil wetness at the experiment station that is less commonly observed in farmers’ fields. Nevertheless, the research also pointed out that in farmers’ fields there has been a general slowdown in gains in productivity, a measure of output in relation to all inputs of rice production. Most studies have found that productivity growth was healthy in the 1970s, ’80s, and early ’90s, but it is not possible to predict future trends. The findings point to the need for continued research on ways to improve both rice yield and productivity to ensure that rice production is profitable for farmers and that rice prices are low for consumers. SSNM. Site-specific nutrient management or SSNM is a tactic that has been successfully tested in more than 200 on-farm experiments across Asia. The generic approach is to make fertilizer applications more efficient. By using a leaf color chart and a fertilizer calculation chart, farmers can assess whether and how much fertilizer is needed at any time during the growth of the rice plant. Average yields and profits have shown increases of 10–15%. Pilot studies at the village level began in six Asian countries in 2001. The leaf color chart, in particular, has proven to be an inexpensive guide to nitrogen fertilizer status and is catching on across Asia. Land leveling. Proper leveling of farmers’ fields has potential for a major impact on rice production in South and Southeast Asia. After flooding, level fields drain much faster than unleveled fields, reducing weed incidence and improving the timeliness of land preparation and crop establishment. Tests have shown that leveling improves yields by 15% without fertilizer and up to 28% with recommended fertilizer use. Leveling also provides a 40% reduction in weed biomass, a 5–7% increase in crop area by removal of bunds, a 10% reduction in water requirements, and an increased opportunity for direct seeding, which dramatically cuts labor needs. Ongoing regional-level INRM research. Together with other centers within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, other advanced research institutes, nongovernmental organizations, and national research institutions, IRRI is involved in two initiatives that span different ecological zones: • Ecoregional Initiative for the Asian Humid and Subhumid Tropics—using a systems approach to develop research and operational methods of INRM that can be used at the regional level. The research uses a bottom-up approach, that is, focusing on the implications and cumulative effects of field and farm interventions at higher geographical levels of integration. A top-down approach is also used in tackling resource-use issues. • Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains—in a region (South Asia) of increasing demand for food grains, where past sources of productivity increases (e.g., modern varieties, fertilizers, irrigation investment) have been exhausted, and where soils are being degraded and groundwater depleted, to improve yields through integrated crop, soil, and residue management. A holistic approach is being taken to combine resource conservation approaches for rice with promising wheat production technologies that use reduced or zero tillage. New INRM research. IRRI’s new projects on integrated natural resource management, outlined in the Institute’s latest medium-term plan, became operational in January 2001. As with the INRM research results described above, with the exception of the region-level work, the new studies, listed below, are based at the field and farm level. They are components of one or more of the four IRRI research programs described in this section: • Natural resource management for the rainfed and upland ecosystems • Managing resources under intensified ricebased systems • Enhancing water productivity in rice-based systems • Understanding rural livelihood systems for research prioritization and impact assessment • Ecoregional approaches to integrated resource management and livelihood improvement. 48 Rice almanac
natural resources. The third aims at understanding the pathways of technology dissemination, and validation and adaptation of promising technologies through farmerparticipatory research to be conducted in partnership with nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and other extension agencies. International collaborative research mechanisms at IRRI IRRI is involved in a variety of international partnerships: research consortia, research networks, technology evaluation networks, joint ventures, shuttle research, bilateral collaboration, and direct consultation. Research consortia A consortium is defined here as a group of a limited number of national and international institutions formally organized to collaborate in research, training, and technology-generating activities designed to meet mutually agreed objectives. Three ecosystem-based consortia involving IRRI are currently active: Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Consortium The national research systems in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand, and IRRI are conducting targeted research at seven key sites that represent different rice production constraints in subecosystems of the rainfed lowlands: drought-prone, submergenceprone, drought- and submergence-prone, and medium-deep water. Upland Rice Research Consortium The national research systems in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand, and IRRI have targeted five key sites, each of which represents a subecosystem and a major production constraint. Research is under way on the impact of drought, problem soils, weeds, land degradation, and blast disease on rice productivity, environmental security, and the well-being of upland farm families. Improving rice productivity is seen as the entry point to alleviating interrelated problems that contribute to upland degradation and damage to the lowland watersheds. Irrigated Rice Research Consortium This group, composed of national research institutions from China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, is working with IRRI to create regionwide multidisciplinary and integrated research projects to look at the interaction of crop production with the resource base, natural arthropods, pathogens, and weed communities, and the assessment of the effects of these interactions at local, regional, and global scales. Research networks Individual scientists from IRRI and other institutions organize and conduct research driven by a particular theme or set of research tools. Two networks are currently convened by IRRI: • Asian Rice Biotechnology Network (ARBN), established at IRRI in 1993 to provide a vehicle for collaborative research in rice biotechnology with universities and rice breeding institutes of the Asian countries. ARBN, through its training and collaborative research activities, is providing a unique mechanism for national research institutions to gain access to relevant knowledge and biotechnology tools. The ultimate goal is to assist them in applying biotechnology to meet their own national needs in rice varietal improvement. • Hybrid Rice Network, which aims to speed up development and use of hybrid rice technology in Asia. Current activities are in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam, in collaboration with FAO, the Asia Pacific Seed Association, and China. The network has contributed significantly to the development and promotion of hybrid rice technology. Technology evaluation networks These voluntary, open, informal associations of scientists and research organizations enable members to exchange and evaluate technologies systematically and share experiences and information. Two are coordinated at IRRI: The International Network for the Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER), created to evaluate promising cultivars, elite breeding lines, traditional cultivars, and genetic donors through a network of multilocational trials in different environments and subject to different stresses. Crop and Resource Management Network (CREMNET). The objective of this network is to International rice research and development 49
Page 2 and 3:
Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 100 and 101: malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 104 and 105:
Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 106 and 107:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 112 and 113:
in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 114 and 115:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 120 and 121:
country. This is because rice has e
Page 122 and 123:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 124 and 125:
incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 126 and 127:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 128 and 129:
consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 130 and 131:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 132 and 133:
AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137:
The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139:
BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149:
The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151:
COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247:
37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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