Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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to be combined in a coherent and complementary regional research program. It is with this objective that WARDA has developed the character of an “open center.” This means that WARDA provides a permanent institutional framework within which to attract, focus, and facilitate the efforts of a range of collaborators. The unifying factor is that all partners contribute to solving priority regional problems. While WARDA generally serves as a catalyst to identify the priority themes and partners for collaborative research, research leadership in any given area is determined on the basis of institutional comparative advantage. Partnership with national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES) The goal of WARDA’s partnership with national systems is to achieve the most cost-effective means of developing and transferring new rice technologies within the region as a whole. WARDA views the regional rice science infrastructure as an integrated and interdependent system. Because agroecological environments cut across political boundaries, technologies developed in any single location are usually transferable to far broader areas. The objectives of WARDA’s partnership with NARES are to achieve a more complementary and efficient sharing of research tasks by allocating responsibilities on the basis of comparative advantage, and to maximize research spillover between these systems and WARDA, and among the national systems themselves. The Reseau Ouest et Centre Africain du Riz (ROCARIZ), a Rice Research and Development Network for West and Central Africa, was created in 2000 after in-depth consultations among WARDA, the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (WECARD/CORAF), national research systems, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). ROCARIZ is a successor network to the highly successful WARDA/NARS Rice Task Force Collaborative Mechanism for rice research and development within the subregion, which was supported financially by USAID in 1991-97. ROCARIZ maintains the task force structure with seven functional task forces on mangrove swamps, rice breeding, Sahel resource management, integrated pest management, natural resource management, rice economics, and technology transfer. ROCARIZ finances small two-year research projects through national scientists in member countries. The technology transfer task force includes the active participation of researchers, extension officers, and end-users of research results. ROCARIZ has established a forum—the Biennial Regional Rice Research Review (4Rs)—for reporting and publishing rice research and development activities within the subregion. The principal stakeholders of ROCARIZ are WARDA, CORAF member countries, national research systems, USAID, the private sector, and rice farmers. ROCARIZ values its guiding principles of trust, mutual respect, and joint ownership— essential ingredients for a successful partnership program. ROCARIZ is coordinated at WARDA headquarters and is managed by a coordinator under the guidance of a steering committee composed of national scientists, the private sector, development agents, and a WARDA representative. WARDA’s genetic resources unit comprises traditional genebank operations, but also the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice in Africa (INGER-Africa). The genebank activities have taken up a higher profile with the successful use of the Oryza glaberrima rice species in the development of NERICAs. Oryza glaberrima and wild African species are priority areas for collection, conservation, and characterization. During the 1990s, INGER-Africa became a demand-responsive network providing new genetic material for NARES partners, including nominations from the NARES themselves (effectively allowing such material to undergo regional adaptation testing). INGER- Africa has also embarked upon studies of biodiversity (variety portfolio) management by farming communities. In addition to traditional national partners, WARDA has recently been expanding its partnership mode to encompass the NGO community, the private sector, regional universities, and farmers’ organizations. In particular, a community-based seed system has been promoted in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea in collaboration with NARES, NGOs, private seed companies, and farmers’ organizations. Partnership with advanced research institutions Many institutions in the global research community have strengths in specialized areas that are highly complementary to WARDA and 54 Rice almanac
national programs. WARDA proactively identifies and mobilizes these potential partners through collaborative research projects that focus on priority problems. In some instances, research is conducted within the partner institution. Alternatively, partner institutions outpost a collaborating scientist to WARDA, where she/he becomes a full member of WARDA project teams. WARDA is currently collaborating with the following partner institutions: IRRI (Philippines), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT, Colombia), Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC, Taiwan, China), Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT, Mexico), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, Italy), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT, India), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, USA), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Nigeria), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI, Ethiopia and Kenya), International Water Management Institute (IWMI, Sri Lanka), Aberdeen University (UK), Cemagref (France), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD, France), CABI Bioscience (UK), Cornell University (USA), Danish Government Institute for Seed Pathology (Denmark), Horticultural Research International (UK), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD, formerly ORSTOM, France), International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE, Kenya), International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology (ILTAB, USA), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), John Innes Centre (UK), Laval University (Canada), Leeds University (UK), Natural Resources Institute (UK), Sainsbury Laboratories (UK), University of Hohenheim (Germany), University of Louvain (Belgium), University of Tokyo (Japan), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR, The Netherlands), and Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS, China). Inland Valley Consortium WARDA hosts a research consortium of 10 countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo) and international research institutes (WECARD/CORAF, CIRAD, FAO, IITA, ILRI, IWMI, WUR). The consortium aims to enhance cooperation and complementarity among R&D institutions working with the common goal of intensifying the cultivation of inland valleys in a sustainable and environmentfriendly manner. Consortium members work together to characterize driving forces, constraints, and technical needs for inland-valley development, to develop improved low-cost water management systems, to test component agronomic technologies, and to assess their socioeconomic and environmental impact. Each of these activities is conducted at key sites selected as being representative of broader domains in West and Central Africa. NERICA Consortium for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa The consortium to expand and speed up the dissemination and adoption of the “New Rice for Africa” and complementary technologies was launched at an international workshop in March 2002. Broad participation is expected, encompassing NARES; donors, including the United Nations Development Programme; Japan; World Bank; African Development Bank; Rockefeller Foundation; USAID; NGOs, including Sasakawa Global 2000, Organisation des Volontaires pour le Développement Local (OVDL), Association d’Appui et d’Aide aux Groupements Ruraux (Mali); farmers’ organizations; and the private sector, including Pioneer Seed (Nigeria). The consortium will not only evaluate the available technology and help develop new technologies but will also identify constraints to effective adoption and scaling-up. It will also provide a mechanism for introducing participatory varietal selection and communitybased seed systems to East and southern Africa. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) Mandate and structure CIAT seeks to contribute to the alleviation of hunger and poverty in tropical developing countries by applying science to the generation of technology that will lead to lasting increases in agricultural output while preserving the International rice research and development 55
Page 2 and 3:
Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5:
Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7:
Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9:
The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 100 and 101: malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 104 and 105: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 108 and 109: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 112 and 113:
in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 114 and 115:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 120 and 121:
country. This is because rice has e
Page 122 and 123:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 124 and 125:
incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 126 and 127:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 128 and 129:
consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 130 and 131:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 132 and 133:
AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137:
The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139:
BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149:
The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151:
COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247:
37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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