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URUGUAY, a relatively small South American country of 177,000 km 2 , faces the South Atlantic Ocean between Brazil and Argentina. The country consists of fertile coastal lowlands, with rolling hills in the interior. The climate is warm temperate. Seven percent of the land is arable. Of its 3.3 million population, 14% is engaged in agriculture, which constitutes 12% of the GDP. General information • GNI per capita PPP$, 2000: 8,880 • Internal renewable water resources: 59 km 3 • Main food consumed: wheat, meat, sugar and honey, oil and fat, milk • Rice consumption, 1999: 12.1 kg milled rice per person per year Production season Planting Harvesting Main season Oct-Dec Mar-May Production constraints Both rice production and yield have increased steadily during the last five years. However, there are several constraints to sustainable rice production in Uruguay: • Low price in the world market • Dependence on external markets for marketing of rice products • Straighthead, especially on sandy soils • Low temperature during the early and/or reproductive phases • Yield potential of rice varieties has reached a plateau 232 Rice almanac
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 1,600 80 Calorie share Protein share 1,400 1,200 Production Area Yield 60 1,000 800 40 600 20 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Share of calories and protein from rice, 1966-99 400 200 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2000 Indices of rice production, area, and yield, 1966-2000 The scale on this graph is not comparable with the scale on production, area, and yield graphs for most other countries. Kg/capita 500 400 300 200 100 0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Per capita production (paddy terms), 1966-99 Percent 100 80 60 40 Exports 20 0 –20 Imports –40 –60 –80 –100 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 Net trade status, 1966-99 Basic statistics, Uruguay 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 Rice Area harvested (ha) 84,929 78,091 146,300 180,200 206,000 185,000 Yield (t/ha) 5.0 4.4 5.5 5.3 6.3 6.4 Production (t) 420,700 347,300 806,100 949,800 1,301,900 1,174,800 Rice imports (t) 0 6,428 63 318 2,040 na Paddy imports (t) 0 1,427 58 460 74 na Rice exports (t) 241,609 290,426 462,471 659,192 699,044 na Paddy exports (t) 180 4,652 67,570 138,896 118,719 na Others Population, total (×10 3 ) 3,009 3,1063,218 3,289 3,313 na Population, agriculture (×10 3 ) 408 383 374 369 367 na Agricultural area (×10 3 ha) 14,891 14,825 14,825 14,827 na na Irrigated agricultural area (×10 3 ha) 97 125 160 180 na na Total fertilizer consumption (t) 60,200 71,878 66,000 133,329 na na Tractors used in agric. (no.) 34,600 32,804 33,000 33,000 na na Source: FAOSTAT online database. Rice around the world 233
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Third Edition Source Book for the M
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Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
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Foreword The first edition of the R
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The facts of rice Production Rice f
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Transplanting is the planting of 1-
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Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
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Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
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from working on these farms. In the
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The rice plant and its ecology Morp
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Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
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Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
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Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
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growth duration (around 100 d), gre
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and high levels of exchangeable Al.
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In these environments, rice yields
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insects, spiders, and microorganism
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Predator movements between habitats
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Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
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terraces of the northern Philippine
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precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
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Hybrid breeding has also begun with
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UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
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year, was actually less than 19 mil
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herbicide was present, these select
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2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
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tive mechanisms of the three intern
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Integrated Natural Resource Managem
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evaluate prototype technologies for
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eaches of river systems, in which a
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to be combined in a coherent and co
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natural resource base. To fulfill t
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objectives are to focus rice-sector
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Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
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Table 1. Production and consumption
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Table 3. Population growth versus r
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Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
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Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
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flooding the rice field to stimulat
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Rice in North America Rice in North
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Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
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Rice in Latin America and the Carib
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Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
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Table 1. Production, consumption, a
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occur only by shifting out of other
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The top 10 rice-producing countries
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eastern, and south-central areas, w
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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The Rajasthan desert extending west
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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malnutrition among children age 2-5
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Recent developments in the rice sec
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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country. This is because rice has e
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
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ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
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BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
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BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
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CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
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CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
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The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
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CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
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The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
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ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
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EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
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FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
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The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
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The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
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GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
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GUINEA is a populous country (popul
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GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
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GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
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KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187: Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189: LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191: MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193: MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195: MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197: MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199: MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201: MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203: NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205: NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207: NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209: NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211: PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213: PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215: PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217: PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219: The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221: SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223: SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225: SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227: SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229: SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231: TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233: TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235: The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 238 and 239: VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241: Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243: 7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245: 22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247: 37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249: 52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251: India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253: Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255: Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257: Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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