Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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UV radiation effects UV-B radiation damages leaf tissues in rice seedlings. Leaves become stunted, stomata collapse, and photosynthesis decreases. Some rice varieties appear to be better able than others to withstand the adverse effects of UV radiation. Leaves of tolerant varieties contain phenolic compounds, which are natural chemicals that filter out harmful UV-B radiation before it can damage sensitive tissues. Research is now in progress to predict possible regional losses in rice productivity if UV-B radiation continues to increase, and whether plant breeders can prevent those yield losses by developing new varieties that tolerate UV radiation. In addition to its adverse direct effects on rice plants, UV-B may change the susceptibility to and/or tolerance for disease. Although there is no evidence yet that UV-B affects susceptibility to blast, it appears that the tolerance for blast decreases. In other words, UV-B does not increase disease frequency, but enhances the effects of disease on plant growth. Global warming Although increasing atmospheric CO 2 stimulates plant growth, the beneficial effects on rice growth have been observed for levels up to only 500 ppm. Some plant species respond positively to CO 2 levels up to 1,000 ppm. Experts predict that atmospheric CO 2 will surpass 650 ppm before the end of the 21st century. Furthermore, the benefits of increased CO 2 would be lost if temperatures also rise. That is because increased temperature shortens the period over which rice grows. Research is being conducted to identify means by which rice plants may better benefit from increases in atmospheric CO 2 while minimizing the adverse effects of warmer temperatures (Fig. 1). Emissions of greenhouse gases from rice fields Methane (CH 4 ) is second in importance to CO 2 as a greenhouse gas. CH 4 concentration in the atmosphere has more than doubled during the last 200 years. Some of this CH 4 is produced by rice fields (Fig. 2). To reduce the burden and harmful effects of CH 4 in the atmosphere, emissions from all anthropogenic sources have to be mitigated. Methane is produced in the anaerobic conditions associated with submerged soils. Much of it escapes from the soil to the atmosphere via gas spaces in rice roots. The remainder bubbles up from the soil or diffuses slowly through the soil and overlying floodwater. The potential for CH 4 emissions from rice fields has long been noted, but comprehensive measurements of CH 4 fluxes in rice fields have been reported only since the early 1990s. Water regime, organic matter management, temperature, and soil properties as well as rice plants are the major factors determining the production and flux of CH 4 in rice fields. Irrigated rice areas are the major source of CH 4 emissions from rice fields. The assured water supply and control, intensive soil preparation, and resultant improved growth of rice favor CH 4 production and emissions. With financial support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IRRI undertook baseline research on CH 4 fluxes in rice fields in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research, Germany, and the Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute of Louisiana State University, USA. Other collaborating institutes were the Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands; the Laboratory for Microbiology, French Institute of Scientific Research for Development Cooperation; the Université de Provence, France; and the University of Georgia, USA. IRRI also coordinated an interregional research program on CH 4 emissions from rice fields funded by the Global Environmental Facility of the United Nations Development Programme. This activity comprised collaborative CH 4 research on irrigated, rainfed, and deepwater rice in China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The studies, which took almost a decade of work, concluded that CH 4 emissions from rice fields are much smaller than originally thought, contributing on the order of only 10% of total global CH 4 emissions. High methane emissions are associated with specific rice management practices, and management practices can be modified to reduce emissions without reducing yields. One result was the finding that CH 4 production from Indian rice production, originally estimated to be some 38 million t per 38 Rice almanac
Sun Chlorofluorocarbons attack the stratospheric ozone layer Ozone filters UV radiation Visible light passes through greenhouse gases Heat trapped by greenhouse gases warms Earth and decreases rice productivity in the tropics Flooded rice fields emit methane Rice fields Greenhouse gases in atmosphere are increasing: • carbon dioxide • methane • nitrous oxide Carbon dioxide increases rice growth Fig. 1. How global climate change affects tropical rice. Greenhouse gases trap heat and warm Earth's surface. Higher temperatures reduce the productivity of tropical rice. The two most important greenhouse gases for rice are CO 2 , which may enhance rice growth, and CH 4 , which is emitted by flooded rice fields. Degradation of the atmospheric ozone layer allows more biologically destructive UV-B radiation to reach Earth's surface. The effects of UV-B on rice are not known. Oxygen (O 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Rice plant (CH 4 ) (CH 4 ) Ebullition Diffusion Water (CH 4 ) O 2 CO 2 Oxidation (CH 4 ) Decomposition of soil organic matter Fig. 2. Methane gas escapes into the atmosphere from flooded rice fields in three ways. Up to 80% travels through the plant from the roots. Ebullition, in which gas bubbles up to the water surface, and diffusion each contribute smaller amounts. International issues 39
Page 2 and 3: Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97:
The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 98 and 99:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 100 and 101:
malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 102 and 103:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 104 and 105:
Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 106 and 107:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 112 and 113:
in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 114 and 115:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 120 and 121:
country. This is because rice has e
Page 122 and 123:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 124 and 125:
incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 126 and 127:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 128 and 129:
consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 130 and 131:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 132 and 133:
AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137:
The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139:
BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149:
The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151:
COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247:
37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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