Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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Rice in Europe and the Mediterranean* Rice in Europe is grown under a Mediterranean climate characterized by warm, dry, clear days and a long growing season favorable to high photosynthetic rates and high rice yields. Compared to tropical and subtropical rice-growing areas, the climate is cool, but warm summer nights during panicle development, when pollen formation takes place, help to avoid cold-induced floret sterility. Low relative humidity throughout the growing season reduces the development, severity, and importance of rice diseases. However, cool weather and strong winds during stand establishment may cause partial stand loss and seedling drift. Rice is mostly grown on fine-textured, poorly drained soils with impervious hardpans or claypans. These soils are principally in three textural classes: clays, silty clays, and silty clay loams ranging from 8% to 55% clay. A few of the soils are loam in the surface horizon but are underlain with hardpans. The pH is from 4 to 8 and organic matter from 0.5% to 10% (this last value on only a limited surface area). These soils are well suited to rice production because their low water permeability enhances water-use efficiency. In some regions (the Camargue in France and Ebro Delta in Spain), soils are saline or very saline. Most of the irrigation water for European rice comes from rivers (the Po in Italy, Ebro in Spain, Rhone in France, Tejo in Portugal, etc.) and lakes. It is estimated that less than 5% of rice irrigation water is pumped from wells—in areas where surface water is not available or as a supplement to surface supplies. The high cost of pumping well water prevents its widespread use in rice production. Surface water and most groundwater are of very good quality for rice irrigation. In all European countries, rice is commonly cultivated with a permanent flood with short periods during which soil is dried to favor rice rooting (in the early stages) or weed control treatments. The conventional irrigation system is also known as a “flow-through” system because water is usually supplied in a series from the topmost to the bottom-most basin and is regulated by floodgates by means of removable boards. The main rainfalls occur during the first stages of the crop (April-June) and during the harvesting period. Average temperatures range from 10–12 °C during rice germination to 20–25 °C during crop flowering. Seedbeds are commonly prepared by plowing in autumn or springtime at a depth of 20 cm and incorporating residues of the previous crop into the soil. To favor weed germination to control weeds better before rice planting, the soil is sometimes prepared by adopting minimum tillage practices. Precision land grading, obtained with laser-directed equipment, is an agronomic practice that has greatly contributed to better water management, and consequently to better crop stand establishment and weed control. Fertilization is mostly aimed at restoring the main plant nutrients removed by crops. Because of flood conditions, nitrogen is principally absorbed in ammoniac form. This nutrient is commonly supplied at 80–120 kg/ha, 50% in preplanting and 50% in postplanting, using urea or other ammoniac fertilizers. Phosphorus and potassium are supplied entirely in the preplanting stage at 60–80 and 100–150 kg/ha, respectively. About 80% of the rice area is cultivated with japonica varieties and the remainder with indica or indica-type varieties (mainly Thaibonnet). Rice is planted from mid-April to the end of May and harvested from mid-September to the end of October. Since the beginning of the 1960s, rice *Contributed by Mr. Aldo Ferrero, Dipartimento di Agronomia, Selvicoltura e Gestione del Territorio, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grusliasco (TO), Italy. 68 Rice almanac
Main areas of rice cultivation in Europe Mondego Camargue Po Valley Tejo Zaragoza Thessaloniki area Sado Mira Ebro Delta Valencia Extremadura Sevilla has been direct-seeded mechanically. Most is broadcast-planted in flooded fields and only 40,000 ha (almost all in Italy) are row-planted in dry soil. Rice planted in dry soil is commonly managed as a dry crop until the crop reaches the 3–4-leaf stage; after this period, the rice is flooded as in the conventional system with continuous flooding. In these conditions, rice has no competitive growth advantage over weeds, which can compete with the crop from the beginning of stand establishment. During rice cultivation, water is commonly kept at a depth of about 4–8 cm and drained away 2–3 times to improve crop rooting (about 20 days after planting), to reduce algal growth, and to allow application of herbicides, which require dry soil. Rice fields are commonly drained toward the end of August to allow harvesting. Rice yield is frequently affected by infestation of animals, fungus diseases, and weeds. The main animal pests are crustaceans such as Triops cancriformis and insects such as Hydrellia griseola, Limonia modesta, Chironomus cavazzai, Donacia dentata, and Rhopalosiphum padi, which are commonly controlled with soil drainage or organophosphorus products. The main fungus diseases are Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Pyricularia oryzae, and Drechslera oryzae. These diseases are controlled by treating crop seeds with iprodione, carbendazim, and mancozeb, spraying rice plants with tricyclazole (against P. oryzae), or using resistant varieties. Weeds are reported to be the pests causing the greatest damage to rice in Europe. The major species are Echinochloa crus-galli, E. phyllopogon, E. crus-pavonis, E. colona, Oryza sativa var. sylvatica (red rice), Heteranthera rotundifolia, H. reniformis, H. limosa, Alisma plantago-aquatica, A. lanceolatum, Bolboshoenus maritimus, and Schoenoplectus mucronatus. Alisma plantago-aquatica and S. mucronatus have shown numerous cases of resistance to ALS inhibitor herbicides. The infestation trend of these species is considered stable or slightly expanding in spite of weed control treatments (commonly 2– 3 applications). Without weed control, crop losses at a yield of 7 to 8 t/ha were estimated to be as high as 92%. The main herbicides applied for weed control are against Echinochloa spp.: molinate, propanil, thiocarbazil, dimepiperate, quinclorac, cyhalofopbutyl, and azimsulfuron; against Heteranthera spp.: oxadiazon; against Alismataceae and Cyperaceae species: bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, azimsulfuron, metosulam, MCPA, and bentazone. Red rice is controlled with a combination of preventive, cultural, and chemical practices. The most common preventive means are planting certified and weedy-rice-free seed or turning to rotational crops such as maize or soybean. The cultural practices are mainly based on the adoption of the stale seedbed practice, applied by preparing the seedbed early in the season (March) and then Rice around the world 69
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Third Edition Source Book for the M
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Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
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Foreword The first edition of the R
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The facts of rice Production Rice f
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Transplanting is the planting of 1-
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Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
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Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
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from working on these farms. In the
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The rice plant and its ecology Morp
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Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
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Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 100 and 101: malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 104 and 105: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 112 and 113: in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 120 and 121: country. This is because rice has e
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incidence of malnutrition among chi
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
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Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
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AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
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ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
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The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
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BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
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BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
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BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
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CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
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CAMEROON is a West African nation b
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The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
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COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
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The Democratic Republic of the CONG
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CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
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CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
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The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
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ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
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EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
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FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
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The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
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The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
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GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
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GUINEA is a populous country (popul
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GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
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GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
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KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
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Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
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LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
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MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
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MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
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MALI, one of the larger West Africa
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MAURITANIA is a large West African
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MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
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MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
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NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
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NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
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NIGER is one of the larger Central
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NIGERIA is the most populous countr
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PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
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PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
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PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
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PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
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The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
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SENEGAL is a West African country f
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SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
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SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
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SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
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SURINAME is a small Latin American
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TANZANIA is a large country between
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TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
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The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
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URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
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VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
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Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
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7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
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22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
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52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
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India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
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Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
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Rice facts Freshwater resources per
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Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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