Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Experimental rice plots in Uruguay. Latin America and the Caribbean. Each follows one of four models: (1) as part of a research department in the Ministry of Agriculture, (2) as part of a decentralized agricultural research institute, (3) as an association with a rice development project, or (4) as a decentralized rice research institute. Rice research is also carried out by farmers’ organizations, private companies, universities, and regional institutions, their opportunities having increased since the internationalization of most countries in the region during the 1990s. Helping researchers to benefit from collaboration and to improve their capacity are networks such as INGER (International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice), FLAR (Fondo Latinoamericano de Arroz de Riego), and CRIDNet (Caribbean Rice Industry Development Network). Fom 1975 to 1995, 250 rice varieties were released in the region. About 70% of these varieties were introduced to the countries through INGER. The high return to international and national rice research in Latin America and the Caribbean is equivalent to an annual interest rate of 69%. This is extremely attractive, compared with the interest rate of about 10% earned on commercial investments. 78 Rice almanac
Rice in West Africa Revolutionary change in the preferences of West African consumers has created a wide and growing imbalance between regional rice supplies and demand. The major trends in consumption, production, and imports of rice are illustrated in Table 1. Since 1973, regional demand has grown at 6.0% annually, driven by a combination of population growth (2.9% growth rate) and substitution away from the region’s traditional coarse grains. The consumption of traditional cereals, mainly sorghum and millet, has fallen by 12 kg per capita, and their share in cereals used as food from 62% in the early 1970s to 50% in the early 1990s. In contrast, the share of rice in cereals consumed has grown from 15% to 25% over the same period, and from 12% to 18% in calorie terms from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s. Much of this dramatic shift occurred in the late 1970s and ’80s. After decreasing to around 2.5%, per capita rice consumption has begun to increase again at more than 3% annually since the late 1990s. Accounting for population growth, total rice consumption has increased at nearly 6% per year during the last five years, meaning that it will have increased 2.5-fold by 2010. The most important factor contributing to the shift in consumer preferences away from traditional staples and toward rice is rapid urbanization and associated changes in family occupational structure. As women enter the workforce, the opportunity cost of their time increases and convenience foods such as rice, which can be prepared more quickly, rise in importance. Similarly, as men work at greater distances from their homes in the urban setting, a greater proportion of meals is consumed from the market, where the ease of rice preparation has given it a distinct advantage. These trends have meant that rice is no longer a luxury food, but has become a major source of calories for the urban poor. Urban consumption surveys in Burkina Faso, for example, have found that the poorest third of urban households obtains 33% of its cereal-based calories from rice. For that same group, rice purchases represent 45% of its cash expenditures on cereals, a share that is substantially higher than for other income classes. Similar findings have been obtained in several other West African nations, demonstrating that rice availability and rice prices have become a major determinant of the welfare of the poorest segments of West African consumers who are the least food-secure. Production and imports In comparison with the rapid growth in demand, regional rice production rose at 4.6% annually from 1973 to 2000. Although this rate was high compared to the performance of other major crops, it meant that regional rice production only barely exceeded population growth, and was meeting only two-thirds of the increments in demand. The source of the increases in rice production carries the important danger signal that such growth is not likely to be sustainable. Regional rice yields, which average only 40% of the world mean, have risen at only 1.5% per year since 1983. The major source of growth has been the expansion of cultivated area, which has grown at a remarkable 3.7% annually over the period. The widening gap between regional supply and demand has been met by imports. The rapid increase in demand and much slower growth in production from 1973 to 1983 contributed to a dramatic jump in imports,which rose at more than 20% annually from 0.6 million t in the early 1970s to 2.2 million t a decade later. Since 1983, growth in imports has decelerated as domestic production has improved, leading to a much more modest 2.3% annual increase in imports, which averaged 2.8 million t in the early 1990s. Imports reached more than 3 million t in 1999, costing Rice around the world 79
Page 2 and 3:
Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5:
Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7:
Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9:
The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11:
Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13:
Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15:
Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17:
from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19:
The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21:
Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23:
Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25:
Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27:
growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29:
and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31:
In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33:
insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 46 and 47: year, was actually less than 19 mil
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 100 and 101: malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 104 and 105: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 112 and 113: in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 120 and 121: country. This is because rice has e
Page 124 and 125: incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 128 and 129: consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 132 and 133: AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137:
The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139:
BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149:
The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151:
COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247:
37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
show all

Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?