Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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consumption of cassava. Rice supplied 14% of the calories and 10% of the protein in the diet. In terms of area harvested, rice is the fifth most important crop in the country, behind soybeans, maize, sugarcane, and dry beans. Coffee and oranges are also important crops, especially in terms of value. During the past twenty years, the rice area harvested declined steadily from more than 6 million ha in the early 1980s to about 3 million ha in 1998. It then partially recovered to about 3.7 million ha in the subsequent two years. All the decline in area harvested has come from upland rice systems, which accounted for about 80% of total rice area in the mid-1980s. At least part of this reduction in upland rice area was due to increased interest in soybean production in the central part of the country. National average yields were stagnant from the early 1960s until the mid-1980s, after which they began to grow rapidly from 1.5 t/ha in 1983 to 3.0 t/ha in 2000 (an annual average growth rate of more than 4%). This increase in yields was driven largely by the reduction in upland rice area. Since upland rice has much lower yields than irrigated rice, an increased share of irrigated rice in total area leads to higher national average yields. These opposing trends have largely negated one another in recent years, and annual paddy rice production in the 1990s averaged about 9.5 million t (albeit with substantial fluctuations from year to year). This stagnation in production changed Brazil from a net rice exporter in the 1970s to a consistent net importer in the 1990s. Rice environments Brazil is the only country in the world where irrigated and upland rice have similar importance. Upland rice presently accounts for about twothirds of total rice area (1998-99), but, because yields are much higher in the irrigated system, irrigated rice accounted for about 60% of production in that year. Irrigated areas are largely planted to modern varieties. Most irrigated rice is concentrated in the two southernmost states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In 1998-99, irrigated rice achieved an average yield of 5.7 t/ha compared with a national average upland yield of less than 2 t/ha. In Rio Grande do Sul, which accounts for about 75% of the irrigated rice area in Brazil, big farms of about 200 ha are the norm. The cultivation system is highly mechanized, with soil preparation and sowing done in dry soil. However, minimum tillage systems also occupy large areas, and sowing of pregerminated seeds in puddled soil is also gaining in importance. These two systems are alternatives to the conventional system and allow for better control of weeds and red rice. Sowing of pregerminated seeds is dominant in Santa Catarina, where farm sizes are much smaller (average size is about 10 ha). Much of Brazil’s upland rice is planted on the Cerrado in central Brazil. Originally, rice was grown in this area primarily to facilitate deforestation. Now, it is typically done in rotation with pasture (two years of rice, three years of pasture) or soybean. Rotation is essential because of the “yield collapse” that occurs with continuous cultivation of such rice. In the second year of rice cultivation, yields typically decline by about 10%, but in the third year they can fall by as much as 70%. The cause of this problem has been variously attributed to autotoxicity, soil degradation, and soil pests. Thus, crop rotation is essential for profitable farm management. Production constraints Most areas planted continuously with rice are infested with weedy rice (red rice) to some degree, significantly affecting yields over time. The sowing of pregerminated seed or the use of no-till systems is helping to reduce the importance of this problem. Another production problem is the occurrence of low temperatures during flowering, primarily in the southern areas of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, where irrigated rice is common. This problem can be exacerbated when farmers delay planting because of a rainy spring. Weeds and insect pests (fall armyworm, rice water weevil, rice stem bug) also act as constraints to increased production. The most important production constraint for upland rice is the abovementioned yield collapse. Because of the fragile structure of the Cerrado soil, soil erosion caused by wind and rain is also an important problem. Production opportunities Rice research is organized at both the federal and state levels. Research at the federal level is coordinated by the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA). The Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz e Feijão (CNPAF), located in the central region, conducts research on Rice around the world 123
Irrigated rice research. all aspects of upland rice and also develops technology for the small irrigated rice areas of central and northern Brazil. The rice program of the Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Terras Baixas de Clima Temperado, also part of the EMBRAPA system, conducts research on all aspects of irrigated rice for the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. At the state level, rice research is organized under state agricultural research organizations. All rice research resources are linked through an EMBRAPA-sponsored national rice network. The ratio of agricultural research and development expenditures to agricultural GDP in Brazil is high by Latin American standards and approaches that in high-income countries. However, since the mid-1990s, EMBRAPA’s funding has declined substantially. The private sector has recently become interested in rice research, both as a donor and as a direct participant, opening up a new source of research resources. However, as of 1996, the private sector accounted for just 2% of agricultural research and development expenditures. 124 Rice almanac
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Third Edition Source Book for the M
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Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
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Foreword The first edition of the R
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The facts of rice Production Rice f
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Transplanting is the planting of 1-
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Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
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Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
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from working on these farms. In the
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The rice plant and its ecology Morp
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Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
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Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
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Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
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growth duration (around 100 d), gre
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and high levels of exchangeable Al.
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In these environments, rice yields
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insects, spiders, and microorganism
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Predator movements between habitats
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Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
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terraces of the northern Philippine
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precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
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Hybrid breeding has also begun with
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UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
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year, was actually less than 19 mil
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herbicide was present, these select
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2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
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tive mechanisms of the three intern
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Integrated Natural Resource Managem
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evaluate prototype technologies for
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eaches of river systems, in which a
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to be combined in a coherent and co
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natural resource base. To fulfill t
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objectives are to focus rice-sector
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Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
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Table 1. Production and consumption
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Table 3. Population growth versus r
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Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
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Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
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flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97: The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 100 and 101: malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 104 and 105: Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 112 and 113: in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 120 and 121: country. This is because rice has e
Page 124 and 125: incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 132 and 133: AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135: ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137: The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139: BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141: BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143: BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145: CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147: CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149: The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151: COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153: The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155: CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157: CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159: The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161: ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163: EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165: FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167: The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169: The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171: GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173: GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175: GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177: GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
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IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
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ITALY is the main rice-producing co
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KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
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Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
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LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
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MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
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MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
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MALI, one of the larger West Africa
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MAURITANIA is a large West African
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MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
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MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
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NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
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NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
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NIGER is one of the larger Central
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NIGERIA is the most populous countr
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PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
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PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
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PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
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PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
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The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
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SENEGAL is a West African country f
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SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
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SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
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SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
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SURINAME is a small Latin American
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TANZANIA is a large country between
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TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
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The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
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URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
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VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
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Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
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7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
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22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
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37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
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52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
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India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
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Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
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Rice facts Freshwater resources per
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Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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