Maclean et al. - 2002 - Rice almanac source book for the most important e

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year, was actually less than 19 million t, about 4% of the estimated global total. Without this research, international protocols would have required India to halve its rice cultivation in the short term! Emissions in other countries are also much less than estimated. The research demonstrated ways to reduce emissions without sacrificing yields, such as • using intermittent drainage in irrigated systems, at the same time saving water; • improving crop residue management through composting, mulching, etc.; and • using direct seeding, at the same time reducing water and labor requirements. The project explored trade-offs between mitigation technologies and socioeconomic aspects and found that • intermittent drainage in irrigated systems reduces emissions and can also save water; • improved crop residue management through composting, mulching, and early incorporation of organic manure can also reduce emissions; and • direct seeding results in less labor and water input and at the same time reduces methane emissions. However, management practices that make conditions less anaerobic favor production of another greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which is 10 times more powerful in its atmospheric warming potential than methane. Agriculture is the main source of N 2 O emissions; it is produced in the soil as an intermediate product during microbial nitrification and denitrification. Potential N 2 O emissions increases when available N increases through, for example, fertilization. Although N 2 O is not a problem in continuously flooded systems, using more aerobic rice-growing conditions or growing aerobic rice could result in significant N 2 O emissions. This is a new area for research. Biotechnology issues Some desired features of future improved rice varieties are superior grain quality, higher yield potential, enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, and greater tolerance for stresses such as drought, cold, and nutrient deficiencies. Biotechnology is seen as perhaps the most important new resource for achieving varietal improvement (Table 1). Table 1. Applications of biotechnology techniques to rice improvement. Technique Embryo rescue Anther culture Molecular marker-aided selection DNA fingerprinting Transformation (Agrobacterium, protoplast, and biolistic methods) Application Transfer of genes from wild rice to cultivated rice Rapid stabilization of new lines Acceleration of breeding programs by use of genetic markers rather than phenotypic selection Identification of genetic variation in pests and pathogens Introduction of novel genes into rice Rice biotechnology techniques encompass plant tissue culture and molecular biology. Tissue culture techniques such as embryo rescue and anther culture have made important contributions. Embryo rescue enables breeders to attempt wide crosses between varieties that could not be hybridized before; anther culture allows faster stabilization of breeding lines. Molecular techniques help to accelerate traditional breeding programs through gene tagging, streamlined germplasm management, and assessment of population structures in insect pests and pathogens through DNA fingerprinting. Marker-assisted selection, for example, has been used recently at IRRI to improve crops in saline areas. Scientists developed a large number of plants whose genetic tolerance for salinity was proven by marker-assisted selection. The plants are being designed specifically for use in Bangladeshi coastal wetlands and are being tested and further bred by farmers there under supervision in their own fields. After extensive study, a marker has been identified linked to recessive major-gene resistance to the devastating rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). RYMV is a major threat to irrigated and lowland rice in West Africa, and has also been found in East Africa. The way is now open for marker-assisted selection of resistant varieties. 40 Rice almanac
Anther (mid-uninucleate) Explants Mature seeds Immature embryo (8—12 days) Transgenic rice Heterogeneous embryogenic calli (EC) Agrobacterium transformation EC (selected) Southern Western Enzymes Confirmation Embryogenic cell suspension Protoplasts + DNA (PEG/electroporation) Particle bombardment Selection, 50 µg/mL (2—3 wk) Hg/PPT Plant regeneration (with or without selection) Selection (8 wk) Hg/PPT Transformed calli Scutellum Selection, 50 µg/mL (4—6 wk) Hg/PPT Putative transformed EC Fig. 3. A. schematic protocol for production of fertile transgenic rice plants using biolistic, protoplast, and Agrobacterium systems. But biotechnology’s most novel contribution will probably be in adding alien genes to the rice gene pool through genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also allows the reintroduction of rice genes that have been extracted and modified to give altered properties. Such gene transfers are impossible with conventional breeding methods. Genetic engineering also allows introducing one or two well-characterized genes at a time. There is no need for the extensive backcrossing done in conventional hybridization to remove undesirable genes. Three methods have been used successfully to transfer genes into rice: protoplast transformation, biolistics or particle bombardment, and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer (see Fig. 3). Marker genes and promoters The first foreign genes expressed in rice were bacterial genes conferring antibiotic (HPT, hygromycin phosphotransferase) or herbicide resistance (ppt, phosphinotricin acetyl transferase). When the appropriate antibiotic or International issues 41
Page 2 and 3: Third Edition Source Book for the M
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments
Page 6 and 7: Foreword The first edition of the R
Page 8 and 9: The facts of rice Production Rice f
Page 10 and 11: Transplanting is the planting of 1-
Page 12 and 13: Ecogeographic differentiation Indic
Page 14 and 15: Table 3. World rice area, yield, an
Page 16 and 17: from working on these farms. In the
Page 18 and 19: The rice plant and its ecology Morp
Page 20 and 21: Flag leaf blade Axis Spikelet (flor
Page 22 and 23: Table 1. Typical profile of a flood
Page 24 and 25: Korea 8 CHINA 8 5 6 Japan 5 PAKISTA
Page 26 and 27: growth duration (around 100 d), gre
Page 28 and 29: and high levels of exchangeable Al.
Page 30 and 31: In these environments, rice yields
Page 32 and 33: insects, spiders, and microorganism
Page 34 and 35: Predator movements between habitats
Page 36 and 37: Wolf spiders feed on a range of ins
Page 38 and 39: terraces of the northern Philippine
Page 40 and 41: precursors of vitamin A—beta-caro
Page 42 and 43: Hybrid breeding has also begun with
Page 44 and 45: UV radiation effects UV-B radiation
Page 48 and 49: herbicide was present, these select
Page 50 and 51: 2. Water-limited production. 3. Wat
Page 52 and 53: tive mechanisms of the three intern
Page 54 and 55: Integrated Natural Resource Managem
Page 56 and 57: evaluate prototype technologies for
Page 58 and 59: eaches of river systems, in which a
Page 60 and 61: to be combined in a coherent and co
Page 62 and 63: natural resource base. To fulfill t
Page 64 and 65: objectives are to focus rice-sector
Page 66 and 67: Drying rice in southern Vietnam. sc
Page 68 and 69: Table 1. Production and consumption
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Population growth versus r
Page 72 and 73: Table 4. Comparison of domestic ric
Page 74 and 75: Rice in Europe and the Mediterranea
Page 76 and 77: flooding the rice field to stimulat
Page 78 and 79: Rice in North America Rice in North
Page 80 and 81: Large-scale mechanized rice farmers
Page 82 and 83: Rice in Latin America and the Carib
Page 84 and 85: Experimental rice plots in Uruguay.
Page 86 and 87: Table 1. Production, consumption, a
Page 88 and 89: occur only by shifting out of other
Page 90 and 91: The top 10 rice-producing countries
Page 92 and 93: eastern, and south-central areas, w
Page 94 and 95: Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 96 and 97:
The Rajasthan desert extending west
Page 98 and 99:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 100 and 101:
malnutrition among children age 2-5
Page 102 and 103:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 104 and 105:
Recent developments in the rice sec
Page 106 and 107:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 112 and 113:
in 1999 and grew at 0.9%/yr during
Page 114 and 115:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 120 and 121:
country. This is because rice has e
Page 122 and 123:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 124 and 125:
incidence of malnutrition among chi
Page 126 and 127:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 128 and 129:
consumption of cassava. Rice suppli
Page 130 and 131:
Percent 100 Index (1966 = 100) 500
Page 132 and 133:
AFGHANISTAN is a landlocked country
Page 134 and 135:
ARGENTINA extends down the Atlantic
Page 136 and 137:
The island continent of AUSTRALIA i
Page 138 and 139:
BHUTAN, surrounded by India and Chi
Page 140 and 141:
BOLIVIA is a landlocked country of
Page 142 and 143:
BURKINA FASO, previously Upper Volt
Page 144 and 145:
CAMBODIA lies between 10° and 15°
Page 146 and 147:
CAMEROON is a West African nation b
Page 148 and 149:
The Republic of CHAD is a landlocke
Page 150 and 151:
COLOMBIA faces both the Pacific Oce
Page 152 and 153:
The Democratic Republic of the CONG
Page 154 and 155:
CÔTE D’IVOIRE is centrally locat
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA is the main island of the Cuba
Page 158 and 159:
The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC occupies an
Page 160 and 161:
ECUADOR, on the tropical Pacific co
Page 162 and 163:
EGYPT, a large nation of 1 million
Page 164 and 165:
FRANCE, in western Europe, consists
Page 166 and 167:
The GAMBIA is a very small tropical
Page 168 and 169:
The Republic of GHANA, a small (240
Page 170 and 171:
GREECE, in the eastern Mediterranea
Page 172 and 173:
GUINEA is a populous country (popul
Page 174 and 175:
GUINEA BISSAU is a tiny (36,000 km
Page 176 and 177:
GUYANA, a small country, with 215,0
Page 178 and 179:
IRAN is a Middle Eastern country bo
Page 180 and 181:
ITALY is the main rice-producing co
Page 182 and 183:
KOREA DPR occupies the northern par
Page 184 and 185:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA, occupying the so
Page 186 and 187:
Lao PDR is an elongated, landlocked
Page 188 and 189:
LIBERIA, whose coast is known as th
Page 190 and 191:
MADAGASCAR, a large island east of
Page 192 and 193:
MALAYSIA consists of a peninsula, b
Page 194 and 195:
MALI, one of the larger West Africa
Page 196 and 197:
MAURITANIA is a large West African
Page 198 and 199:
MEXICO, at the southern end of Nort
Page 200 and 201:
MOZAMBIQUE extends nearly 2,500 km
Page 202 and 203:
NEPAL is a small (141,000 km 2 ) co
Page 204 and 205:
NICARAGUA, a small country of 130,0
Page 206 and 207:
NIGER is one of the larger Central
Page 208 and 209:
NIGERIA is the most populous countr
Page 210 and 211:
PAKISTAN, a South Asian country fac
Page 212 and 213:
PARAGUAY, a relatively small landlo
Page 214 and 215:
PERU faces the Pacific Ocean on the
Page 216 and 217:
PORTUGAL, the westernmost country o
Page 218 and 219:
The RUSSIAN FEDERATION in northern
Page 220 and 221:
SENEGAL is a West African country f
Page 222 and 223:
SIERRA LEONE, between Guinea and Li
Page 224 and 225:
SPAIN, in southwestern Europe, has
Page 226 and 227:
SRI LANKA, a small island at the so
Page 228 and 229:
SURINAME is a small Latin American
Page 230 and 231:
TANZANIA is a large country between
Page 232 and 233:
TURKEY, a diverse land of 780,000 k
Page 234 and 235:
The UNITED STATES, occupying the ce
Page 236 and 237:
URUGUAY, a relatively small South A
Page 238 and 239:
VENEZUELA forms part of the norther
Page 240 and 241:
Rice-related databases Inquiries ca
Page 242 and 243:
7. Name: RICE ECOSYSTEMS Location:
Page 244 and 245:
22. Name: NURSERIES Location: CIAT
Page 246 and 247:
37. Name: PERIO Location: WARDA Lib
Page 248 and 249:
52. Name: IR64 MUTANT DATABASE Loca
Page 250 and 251:
India Indonesia Japan 1 quintal = 1
Page 252 and 253:
Egypt Ghana Guyana Malawi Mexico Pa
Page 254 and 255:
Rice facts Freshwater resources per
Page 256 and 257:
Rice facts RICE PRODUCTION Selected
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