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Table 1. Overview on sprawl indicators found in the literature.
76 S. Siedentop and S. Fina
Impacts/effects that are
addressed
Measurement
(s = static, p = process) Spatial focus
Author Sprawl indicators
Anthony (2004) Change in urban land p US States (not specifically addressed)
Change in urban density
Emison (2001) Change of population density p Metropolitan areas Ozone air quality
Demand for mineral raw
materials
Loss of productive soils
Change of water/landsurface
characteristics
Energy consumption and
CO2-emissions
Landscape fragmentation
Urban air quality
Social segregation
Infrastructure costs
s, p No fixed spatial
focus
Change in urbanised land area
Growth of built-up areas
Share of dense residential areas of all residential
areas and share of low density residential areas
of all new residential areas
Residential density
Change in growth rates for population and builtup
areas, available built-up area per person
European Environment Agency
(2006b)
s Metropolitan areas Rates of driving and
vehicle ownership
Level of ozone pollution
Risk of traffic accidents
Rates of walking and
alternative transport use
s, p Urban settlements (not specifically addressed)
s Urbanised areas (not specifically addressed)
s (metropolitan areas) Housing prices and
quantities
Congestion and car use
Land consumption
CO2-and other emissions
Agglomeration and
productivity consequences
Ewing et al. (2002) Sprawl-index composed of four ‘factors’
Residential density
Neighbourhood mix of homes, jobs and services
Strength of activity centres and downtowns
Accessibility of the street network(22 variables
are used to measure the factors)
Frenkel and Ashkenazi (2008) Composition (gross and net population density,
fractal dimension, shape index, gross and net
leapfrog index, mean patch size)
Configuration (mixture of land uses)
Galster et al. (2001) Eight ‘sprawl dimensions’: density, continuity,
concentration, clustering, centrality, nuclearity,
mixed uses, proximity
Glaeser and Kahn (2003) Decentralisation (percentage of population and
employment within inner 3, 5 and 10 mile ring;
median person’s/worker’s distance in miles from
CBD)
Job and population density