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s (urban) regions (not specifically addressed)
p Urbanised areas Land consumption
Loss of agricultural land
s Metropolitan areas (not specifically addressed)
S Metropolitan areas (not specifically addressed)
s Neighbourhoods (not specifically addressed)
Huang, Lu, and Sellers (2007) Complexity
Centrality
Compactness
Porosity
Density
Kolankiewicz and Beck (2001) Amount of rural land that is lost to urbanisation
Percentage growth in per capita land
consumption
Lopez and Hynes (2003) Sprawl-index (SIi)SIi = (((S%i – D%i)/100) + 1)
· 50, where D%i = percentage of the total
population in high-density census tracts i,
S%i = percentage of total population in
low-density census tracts i
Razin and Rosentraub (2000) Percentage of dwellings in single-unit
detached houses
Population per square kilometre
Housing units per square kilometer
Song and Knaap (2004) Street design and circulation system
Density
Land use mix
Journal of Land Use Science 77
Accessibility
Schneider and Woodcock Size of built-up area and rate of change
s, p Metropolitan areas (not specifically addressed)
(2008)
Density of built-up areas and rate of change
Fragmentation, scatter (patch density and
percentage change in patch density)
Population density
Thomas, Frankhauser, and Fractality (fractal dimension) s Communities (not specifically addressed)
Biernacki (2008)
Tsai (2005) Metropolitan size
s
Activity intensity
Distribution degree
Clustering extent
Weber and Sultana (2005) Low density urban growth outside the
p Urbanised areas, Commuting patterns
urbanised area
traffic analysis
zones