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80 S. Siedentop and S. Fina
Table 2. Dimension-specific impacts of urban sprawl.
Dimension Alleged impacts of urban sprawl Empirical evidence Relevant work
Surface Scarcity of open space Substantial Fischel (1982), Rees (1992), Burchfield et al. (2005)
disagreement
Loss or degradation of valued open space (habitat, recreation) Generally agreed Ewing (1997), Hasse and Lathrop (2003)
Loss or degradation of prime farmland Generally agreed American Farmland Trust (1994), Heimlich and Anderson (2001),
Hasse and Lathrop (2003)
Higher air pollution Some evidence Emison (2001)
Contribution to urban heat island Generally agreed Park (1986), Gill, Handley, Ennos, and Pauleit (2007), Watkins,
Palmer, and Kolokotroni (2007)
Negative impacts on aquatic systems (habitat structure, water Generally agreed Schueler (1994), Arnold and Gibbons (1996)
quality, biodiversity of systems)
Pattern Higher development costs (infrastructure) Some evidence Burchell et al. (1998), Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas,
Inc. and ECONorthwest (1998), Doubek and Zanetti (1999),
Burchell and Mukherji (2003)
Higher travel distances Substantial Cervero (1996), Sultana (2000), Naess (2003), Crane and
disagreement Chatman (2004)
Landscape fragmentation Generally agreed Theobald et al. (1997), Jaeger (2000)
Higher levels of traffic congestion Substantial Downs (1999), Sarzynski, Wolman, Galster, and Hanson (2006)
disagreement
Density Automobile dependence Generally agreed Newman and Kenworthy (2006)
Higher travel distances Substantial Ewing (1997), Banister (1999), Dielemann and Wegener (2004),
disagreement Stone Jr., Mednick, Holloway, and Spak (2007)
Less cost-efficient and effective public transit Some evidence Bertraud and Richardson (2004), Campoli and McLean (2004)
Higher development costs (infrastructure) Some evidence Burchell et al. (1998), Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas,
Inc. and ECONorthwest (1998)
Higher energy use for housing (heating) Some evidence Holden and Norland (2004)
Negative health effects (due to physical activity levels) Generally agreed McCann and Ewing (2003), Ewing et al. (2003), Kelly-Schwartz,
Stockard, Doyle, and Schlossberg (2004), Committee on
Physical Activity et al. (2005)
Improvement to housing affordability Some evidence Gordon and Richardson (1997), Steinacker (2003)