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observation and analysis of the response to the process in Tunisia may prove an invaluable insight for those who are embarking on similar national processes. 92
Political Party Development Amy Hamblin Overview In the last decade of Ben Ali’s rule, the country’s political system seemed increasingly out of touch with the majority of its people. The ruling party that had in various incarnations existed since the country’s founding no longer enjoyed popular or grassroots enthusiasm—nor did its leader, Ben Ali. The eight legal opposition parties were weak, only expressing muted dissent in exchange for the privilege to participate formally in the political system (Long, Reich, and Gasiorowski 2010, 519). The only group with the potential to transform itself into a major political force—Ennahdha—was banned from forming a party. In short, the ossified political system at the time of the uprising in Tunisia was unable to respond to rising demands and discontent. The fact that tens of thousands of Tunisians were driven into the streets to express their grievances revealed the extent to which the Tunisian population no longer felt that their formal political system was responsive to their demands. Following Ben Ali’s departure, the formal political sphere was reconstituted in an attempt to become once again the legitimate channel for political activity. The adoption of a genuine multiparty system was supposed to inspire faith in the ability of political institutions to mediate between conflicting interests—rather than through protest or violent activity. Within months of Ben Ali’s fall, the country went from having eight recognized opposition parties to more than 100 political parties. The multitude of newly formed parties was interpreted by many as a positive development showing the high level of enthusiasm for the democratic process. There was also the assumption that the large volume of parties would guarantee that all Tunisians felt represented by the political system. The proliferation of parties, however, belies the fact that many Tunisians still do not feel engaged or are dissatisfied with the current political landscape. Approximately 51.7% of all eligible voters participated in the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) elections in October. The seemingly low turnout for the country’s first free and fair 93
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Johns Hopkins University School for
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Acknowledgements We are most gratef
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List of Acronyms AKP Adalet ve Kalk
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xii
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proposed goal (as in the previous e
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democracy is a continual testing pr
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What’s in a Revolution? The timin
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limited to Tunisia, these vivid dep
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political system before any of the
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discontent of so many in Tunisia wh
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eality,” signified by Tunisian pe
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mantra sparked the Kasbah sit-ins r
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in early January of 2011, you would
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independence from the Ottoman Empir
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ack to the 1970s (SAIS Group Meetin
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Two Tunisias: How A Revolution Whic
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continued to cite statistics claimi
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inequality were most severe. Combat
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in government could drop precipitou
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for bold political leadership in Tu
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History of Secularism in Tunisia In
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1) Freedom to form and to join orga
Page 54 and 55: Source: Stepan, Alfred C. “Religi
Page 56 and 57: terms of campaigning, the political
Page 58 and 59: that in practice many people who es
Page 60 and 61: Short-term • Secular parties must
Page 63 and 64: Islamism and Laïcité in the Tunis
Page 65 and 66: girl, a high-achieving student at h
Page 67 and 68: laws are either supported directly
Page 69 and 70: and she argues that he, like many s
Page 71 and 72: during exams, preventing other stud
Page 73 and 74: Constituent Assembly should keep th
Page 75 and 76: Women’s Rights in Tunisia: A “N
Page 77 and 78: dismiss the question as a non-issue
Page 79 and 80: In immediate post-revolutionary Tun
Page 81 and 82: Others express concern about the va
Page 83 and 84: something every Tunisian boy does n
Page 85 and 86: Mr. Ghannouchi is equally surprised
Page 87 and 88: Mr. Hedri showed concern over the l
Page 89: has occurred in response to politic
Page 93 and 94: The Post-Transition Constitutional
Page 95 and 96: Theoretical Literature While there
Page 97 and 98: Tunisian Case Following Ben Ali’s
Page 99 and 100: parties. With the internal arrangem
Page 101 and 102: issues of unemployment, reduced cor
Page 103: Recommendations • NCA and politic
Page 107 and 108: experience and expertise, will be k
Page 109 and 110: with Laryssa Chomiak, SAIS group me
Page 111 and 112: epresented a complete departure fro
Page 113 and 114: To some extent, the focus on the qu
Page 115 and 116: • Enhance the legitimacy and enfo
Page 117 and 118: Ennahdha and the Salafis Roberta Lu
Page 119 and 120: The trial against Nabil Karoui, the
Page 121 and 122: Some Possible Explanations The hesi
Page 123 and 124: the salafist movement Al-Salafiya A
Page 125 and 126: violence, to lay the bases for a ne
Page 127 and 128: Tunisian Civil Society Before and A
Page 129 and 130: Bourguiba,” Bellin points out,
Page 131 and 132: nip in the bud any challenges to pa
Page 133 and 134: “training-of-trainers” (ToT) ev
Page 135 and 136: The focus of civil society groups i
Page 137 and 138: economic development in Tunisia. Th
Page 139 and 140: The Tunisian Youth Fallout: A Look
Page 141 and 142: that they found voting to be the mo
Page 143 and 144: head (Dégage, 2011). It should the
Page 145 and 146: graduates are unemployed (SAIS Grou
Page 147 and 148: to participate as a citizen in a de
Page 149 and 150: are rumored to consist only of 3,00
Page 151 and 152: Medium-term • At some point, the
Page 153 and 154: Part III: Security, Justice and Eco
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The Role of the Military in Post-Be
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insufficient to prevent the demonst
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disruptions during voting, the tota
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This is in sharp contrast to the mi
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Recommendations While the military
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Internal Security and Reform in Tun
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The Implements of Repression There
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undesirable organizations, stifle d
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evolution, many police, especially
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A Way Forward: Policy Reforms At pr
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Transitional Justice and National R
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Those released therefore included p
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The current situation in many ways
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circulating that the informal strik
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the commercial interests of the ban
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and clear limits to police behavior
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Addressing Unemployment Rebekah Cha
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The forecasting is based on the ass
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of its revolution. This has had a c
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Boosting the Tourism Sector The tou
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absorb all of the university gradua
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language and technology skills, whi
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Understanding Unemployment in Tunis
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ather than shifts from low to high
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Figure 2: Unemployment by age and e
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the Tunisian economy. Thus, creatin
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• Encourage entrepreneurship: Tra
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U.S. Assistance in Tunisia Cody Die
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cultural differences that may inhib
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the Constitutional Assembly in Tuni
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order to receive these funds over o
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and access to jobs in Libya for Tun
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Conclusion P. Terrence Hopmann The
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the domination of the salafis and o
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well educated, but under or unemplo
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persons, a huge contingent for such
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List of Interviewees Washington DC,
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• Salah Bourjini, former division
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• Ahmed Ibrahim, Secretary of the
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Bibliography Abouzeid, Rania. 21 Ja
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Cook, Steven A. 20 January 2011.
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Le Monde. 25 January 2011. “Tunis
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Silver, Vernon. 12 December 2011.
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World Bank. 2004. “Dynamique de L
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