Tunisia: Understanding Conflict 2012 - Johns Hopkins School of ...

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modernization of its existing force capabilities. Do not financially support significant expansions in the size of the Tunisian military. Long-Term Recommendations • To the Tunisian Government: Take legal steps to support the continued professionalism of the Tunisian military. Formalize regulations on the political and financial activities of military officers. Increase officer salaries to ensure a military career continues to attract outstanding candidates with no need for outside sources of income. Remove the restriction prohibiting soldiers from voting, but prohibit political campaigning or organizing on military bases. • To the Constituent Assembly: Decriminalize non-violent speech critical of state institutions, including the Armed Forces. Maintain the Tunisian President as the Commander of the Tunisian military in the forthcoming Constitution. • To the United States and French Governments: Initiate exchange and training programs for civilian officials designed to increase the institutional capacity of the Tunisian Ministry of Defense. 152
Internal Security and Reform in Tunisia Colin Machado Although the majority of international attention since the Tunisian revolution has been focused on macroscopic political change, the issue of security reform remains equally prominent among the concerns of Tunisian citizens. Among the many causes of the revolution, it is important to bear in mind that its foremost initial objective was not primarily a direct indictment of Ben Ali himself, but a rejection of his overbearing domestic security apparatus. Only when it became clear that the long-time president was unwilling to rein in his police did the populace turn its attention to his ouster. Through the prism of international media, the Arab Spring has been cast to fit the narrative of a common people uniting to overthrow their oppressive dictators in favor of real democracy. In fact, the motives, identities, and objectives of the persons involved are much more varied and complex not just from one nation to another, but within each nation as well. This chapter intends to examine in particular the state of the domestic security sector before, during, and after the Tunisian revolution and its current prospects for reform. It will begin with a description of the organization of the sector and its methods of operation, then explain the role of the police in the revolution, and finally explore specific policy recommendations for the security sector in Tunisia. Institutional History and Organization There exist three primary elements in the organization of internal security forces in Tunisia, one of which, the so-called “political police,” was formally abolished in March following the revolution. The other two forces are the regular, or administrative, police and the Tunisian National Guard, which comprises a mere 12,000 men 36 and has been largely irrelevant to the overall security apparatus. Although no official personnel counts are available due to the clandestine nature of the political police, which until recently 36 International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2008. 153
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Johns Hopkins University School for
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Acknowledgements We are most gratef
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List of Acronyms AKP Adalet ve Kalk
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xii
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proposed goal (as in the previous e
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democracy is a continual testing pr
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What’s in a Revolution? The timin
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limited to Tunisia, these vivid dep
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political system before any of the
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discontent of so many in Tunisia wh
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eality,” signified by Tunisian pe
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mantra sparked the Kasbah sit-ins r
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in early January of 2011, you would
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independence from the Ottoman Empir
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ack to the 1970s (SAIS Group Meetin
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Two Tunisias: How A Revolution Whic
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continued to cite statistics claimi
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inequality were most severe. Combat
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in government could drop precipitou
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for bold political leadership in Tu
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History of Secularism in Tunisia In
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1) Freedom to form and to join orga
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Source: Stepan, Alfred C. “Religi
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terms of campaigning, the political
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that in practice many people who es
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Short-term • Secular parties must
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Islamism and Laïcité in the Tunis
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girl, a high-achieving student at h
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laws are either supported directly
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and she argues that he, like many s
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during exams, preventing other stud
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Constituent Assembly should keep th
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Women’s Rights in Tunisia: A “N
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dismiss the question as a non-issue
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In immediate post-revolutionary Tun
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Others express concern about the va
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something every Tunisian boy does n
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Mr. Ghannouchi is equally surprised
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Mr. Hedri showed concern over the l
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has occurred in response to politic
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The Post-Transition Constitutional
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Theoretical Literature While there
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Tunisian Case Following Ben Ali’s
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parties. With the internal arrangem
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issues of unemployment, reduced cor
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Recommendations • NCA and politic
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Political Party Development Amy Ham
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experience and expertise, will be k
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with Laryssa Chomiak, SAIS group me
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epresented a complete departure fro
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Page 115 and 116: • Enhance the legitimacy and enfo
Page 117 and 118: Ennahdha and the Salafis Roberta Lu
Page 119 and 120: The trial against Nabil Karoui, the
Page 121 and 122: Some Possible Explanations The hesi
Page 123 and 124: the salafist movement Al-Salafiya A
Page 125 and 126: violence, to lay the bases for a ne
Page 127 and 128: Tunisian Civil Society Before and A
Page 129 and 130: Bourguiba,” Bellin points out,
Page 131 and 132: nip in the bud any challenges to pa
Page 133 and 134: “training-of-trainers” (ToT) ev
Page 135 and 136: The focus of civil society groups i
Page 137 and 138: economic development in Tunisia. Th
Page 139 and 140: The Tunisian Youth Fallout: A Look
Page 141 and 142: that they found voting to be the mo
Page 143 and 144: head (Dégage, 2011). It should the
Page 145 and 146: graduates are unemployed (SAIS Grou
Page 147 and 148: to participate as a citizen in a de
Page 149 and 150: are rumored to consist only of 3,00
Page 151 and 152: Medium-term • At some point, the
Page 153 and 154: Part III: Security, Justice and Eco
Page 155 and 156: The Role of the Military in Post-Be
Page 157 and 158: insufficient to prevent the demonst
Page 159 and 160: disruptions during voting, the tota
Page 161 and 162: This is in sharp contrast to the mi
Page 163: Recommendations While the military
Page 167 and 168: The Implements of Repression There
Page 169 and 170: undesirable organizations, stifle d
Page 171 and 172: evolution, many police, especially
Page 173 and 174: A Way Forward: Policy Reforms At pr
Page 175 and 176: Transitional Justice and National R
Page 177 and 178: Those released therefore included p
Page 179 and 180: The current situation in many ways
Page 181 and 182: circulating that the informal strik
Page 183 and 184: the commercial interests of the ban
Page 185 and 186: and clear limits to police behavior
Page 187 and 188: Addressing Unemployment Rebekah Cha
Page 189 and 190: The forecasting is based on the ass
Page 191 and 192: of its revolution. This has had a c
Page 193 and 194: Boosting the Tourism Sector The tou
Page 195 and 196: absorb all of the university gradua
Page 197 and 198: language and technology skills, whi
Page 199 and 200: Understanding Unemployment in Tunis
Page 201 and 202: ather than shifts from low to high
Page 203 and 204: Figure 2: Unemployment by age and e
Page 205 and 206: the Tunisian economy. Thus, creatin
Page 207 and 208: • Encourage entrepreneurship: Tra
Page 209 and 210: U.S. Assistance in Tunisia Cody Die
Page 211 and 212: cultural differences that may inhib
Page 213 and 214: the Constitutional Assembly in Tuni
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order to receive these funds over o
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and access to jobs in Libya for Tun
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Conclusion P. Terrence Hopmann The
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the domination of the salafis and o
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well educated, but under or unemplo
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persons, a huge contingent for such
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List of Interviewees Washington DC,
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• Salah Bourjini, former division
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• Ahmed Ibrahim, Secretary of the
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Bibliography Abouzeid, Rania. 21 Ja
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Cook, Steven A. 20 January 2011.
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Le Monde. 25 January 2011. “Tunis
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Silver, Vernon. 12 December 2011.
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World Bank. 2004. “Dynamique de L
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