Developmental psychology.pdf

Figure 1.1 Characteristics of the Three
Christs 7
Figure 1.2 Treatment of Mental
Disease 8
Figure 1.3 Therapist and Client 9
Figure 1.4 Darwin's Investigations 11
Figure 1.5 Wilhelm Wundt 12
Figure 1.6 Early Reaction-Time
Apparatus 13
Figure 1.7 William James 14
Figure 1.8 Specialties in Psychology and
Medicine 16
Figure 1.9 Perspectives on a Building 17
Figure 1.10 B. F Skinner 18
Figure 1.11 Sigmund Freud 18
Figure 1.12 Carl Rogers 19
Figure 1.13 Jean Piaget 20
Figure 1.14 Models in Psychology 21
Figure 1.15 Phrenology 23
Figure 2.1 Study of Dreaming 31
Figure 2.2 Naturalistic Observation of
Animals 33
Figure 2.3 Naturalistic Observation:
Human Beings 34
Figure 2.4 Classifying Dream Content 36
Figure 2.5 Random Sampling 37
Figure 2.6 A Biased Sample 39
Figure 2.7 Interview with a Child 41
Figure 2.8 An Inkblot for Studying
Personality 42
Figure 2.9 Controlled Environment 45
Figure 2.10 Independent and Dependent
Variables 46
Figure 2.11 Identical Twins 47
Figure 2.12 Age and Dreaming 50
Figure 2.13 Carl Gustav Jung 51
Figure 3.1 Conception 60
Figure 3.2 Human Chromosomes 60
Figure 3.3 Cell Division 61
Figure 3.4 Inheritance and Maze
Learning 62
Figure 3.5 Changes in Proportions 63
Figure 3.6 Infant Gazing 63
Figure 3.7 Development of
Locomotion 64
Figure 3.8 Development of Sex Roles 67
Figure 3.9 Imprinting 68
Figure 3.10 The Three Mountains Test 70
Figure 3.11 Conservation Experiment 71
Figure 3.12 A Problem in Reasoning 72
Figure 3.13 IQ Changes in Skeels 1
Children 74
Figure 3.14 Interaction Effect 77
Figure 3.15 Developmental Stages 78
Figure 3.16 Age of Industry 79
Figure 3.17 Adolescent Growth 80
Figure 3.18 Adult Characteristics of
Skeels 1 Subjects 82
Plate 1 Laws of Dominance in Genetics
Plate 2 Eight-Week-Old Fetus
Plate 3 Nine-Week-Old Fetus
Figure 4.1 Peripheral Nervous System' 91
Figure 4.2 Structure of a Neuron 92
Figure 4.3 Nerve Impulse 93
Figure 4.4 Neural Organization 94
Figure 4.5 The Synapse 95
Figure 4.6 Central Nervous System 96
Figure 4.7 Reflex Arc 97
Figure 4.8 Species Differences 98
Figure 4.9 Areas in the Cerebral
Hemisphere 98
Figure 4.10 Motor Control Areas 99
Figure 4.11 Electrical Brain
Stimulation 102
Figure 4.12 Electrical Self-
Stimulation 103
Figure 4.13 Subcortical Structures 104
Figure 4.14 Human Nervous System 106
Figure 4.15 Autonomic Nervous
System 107
Figure 4.16 Major Endocrine Glands 108
Figure 4.17 Corpus Cajlosum 110
Figure 4.18 Measurement of Heart
Activity 113
Figure 5.1 Absolute Thresholds 123
Figure 5.2 Difference Thresholds 124
Figure 5.3 Wave Characteristics and
Sensations 126
Figure 5.4 Eye Structures 127
Figure 5.5 The Blind Spot 128
Figure 5.6 Adaptation-129
Figure 5.7 Ear Structures 131
Figure 5.8 Comparison of Place and
Volley Theories 132
Figure 5.9 Structures for Smell 133
Figure 5.10 Structures for Taste 134
Figure 5.11 Taste Areas 135
Figure 5.12 Skin Receptors 136
Figure 5.13 Role of Kinesthesis 138
Figure 5.14 Nonauditory Labyrinth 139
Figure 5.15 Intersensory Perception 141
Plate 4 Visible Spectrum
Plate 5 Description of Color
Plate 6 Retinal Color Zones
Plate 7 Negative Afterimage
Plate 8 Color Blindness
Figure 6.1 Influence of Set 149
Figure 6.2 Embedded Images in
Advertising 150
Figure 6.3 Impossible Figure-Ground 152
Figure 6.4 Changeable Figure 152
Figure 6.5 Reversible Configurations 152
Figure 6.6 Grouping: Similarity 153
Figure 6.7 Grouping: Proximity 153
Figure 6.8 Grouping: Closure 154
Figure 6.9 Grouping: Continuity 154
Figure 6.10 Shape Constancy 154
Figure 6.11 Size Constancy 155
Figure 6.12 Monocular Depth Cues 157
Figure 6.13 Testing Space
Perception 158
Figure 6.14 Parallelogram Illusion 161
Figure 6.15 Illusions 162
Figure 6.16 Miiller-Lyer Illusion 162
Figure 6.17 Interpretation of the Muller-
Lyer Illusion 163
Figure 6.18 Meditation 165
Figure 6.19 Hypnotic Condition 168
Figure 7.1 Ivan Pavlov 178
Figure 7.2 Classical Conditioning
Process 179
Figure 7.3 Diagram of Classical
Conditioning 179
Figure 7.4 Conditioning Laboratories 180
Figure 7.5 Differential Conditioning 181
Figure 7.6 Extinction 182
Figure 7.7 Spontaneous Recovery 182
Figure 7.8 Higher-Order
Conditioning 183
Figure 7.9 Conditioning in School 184
Figure 7.10 Operant Conditioning 186
Figure 7.11 Diagram of Operant
Conditioning 187
Figure 7.12 Extinction 188
Figure 7.13 Shaping Behavior 189
Figure 7.14 Fixed Intervals: Animals 190
Figure 7.15 Fixed Intervals: Human
Beings 191
Figure 7.16 Behavior Chain 193
Figure 7.17 Chaining 194
Figure 7.18 Reciprocal Conditioning 1§6~