Developmental psychology.pdf

642 Index
reaction formation, 434
reactive schizophrenia, 442
readiness, concept of, 76
reality principle, 399
real movement, 159
reappearance hypothesis, memory trace
and, 235
reasoning and problem solving, 212-19
computer simulation, 212-15
inductive and deductive reasoning,
216-17
problem solving, 217-19
recall, method of, 236
receptors, 122
recessive gene, 61
reciprocal conditioning, 196
recognition
achievement motivation and, 317
method of. 237
reconstruction hypothesis, memory trace
and, 235
redintegration, 236
reference, letters of, 350
reflex, 96, 185
vs instinct, 289-90
reflex arc, 96, 97
refractory period, 93
regression
aggression and, 433
tendency toward, 433
rehearsal. 240
reinforced responses, 411
reinforcement, 18, 468
reinforcement principle, 322
reinforcement schedules, 189-90
reinforcer, 187
reinforcing stimulus, 187
relationship, maintaining, 321-22
relative movement, 157
relative refractory phase, 93
relativistic thinking, 271
felearning, method of, 237
releasers, instinct and, 288-89
reliability, assessment of, test evaluation
and, 355-57
reliability coefficients, test evaluation
and, 357
remission, schizophrenia in, 443-44
report of research, 10
representative sample, 36, 529
repression, 249-50, 433
repressive forgetting, 249-50
research
basic, 16
formal operations and, 73
licensure and, 21-23
and measurement, personality and
humanistic viewpoint, 418-19
learning theory, $13-14
theory of psychoanalysis and,
404-5
trait approach, 408-10
in perspective, 50-53
comparison of methods, 52-53
inference and theory, 50-52
tests in, 43
research report, 10
respondent behavior, 185
response, 44
response bias, 125
response-produced cue, 192
responsibility, diffusion of, 505
rest, need for, 299-300
restatement of content, 460
results, interpreting, 38-39
retarded, mentally, 377-80
cultural deprivation, 378-7S
emotional factors, 379
genetic factors, 378
health factors, 378
treatment, 379-80
reticular formation, 104-5, 299
retina, 127
retinal disparity, 158
retrieval failure, 243
retroactive inhibition, 247-48
retrograde amnesia, 234
reward, 306
instruction and, 275-77
rhodopsin, 129
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 232
risk factor, 539-41
behavior as, 539-40
body condition as, 540-41
rods, 127
role, 508
multiple, 509
role-playing methods, 475
roles, and hierarchies, in group structure
and process, 508-9
Rorschach inkblots, 404
rotary motion, 139
round window, 131
rule-of-one variable, 45
rules, language, 225
saccadic movements, 128, 160
sadism, 327
sample, 36. 529
sampling procedures, 36-38
satiation, 470
saturation, 126
savings, method of, 237
scattergram, 525
schizophrenic disorders, 442-44
onset, 442
in remission, 443-44
types, 443
schoolwork, transfer in, 277
science, nature of, 7-10
assumptions, 7-9
method, 9-10
pluralistic, 20
scientific method, 9-10
scientific process, 9
scientist, child as, 71-72
screening, 347
secondary gain, 439
secondary reinforcers, 188
selection interview, 350
self-actualization, 307
self-concept, role of, achievement
motivation and, 316
self-reinforcement schedule, 470
self-reports, 419
semantic memory, 242
semantics, 207
semicircular canals, motion and, 139
sensate focus, 328
sensation and perception, 122, 140-43
extrasensory perception, 142-43
intersensory perception, 140-41
sense organs, 122
sensonmotor period, 70
sensory capacities, 63
sensory development, physical
development and, 62-65
sensory intensification, 166
sensory nerves, 91
sensory processes, 121-45
awareness of stimulation, 122-25
detection question, 122-23
discrimination question, 123-24
signal-detection theory, 125
proprioceptive senses, 137-40
kmesthesis, 137-38
passive motion, 139-40
sense of balance. 138-39
sensation and perception, 140-43
extrasensory perception, 142-43
intersensory perception, 140-41
summary, 143-45
traditional senses, 126^36
capacity for hearing, 130-32
sense of smell, 132-34
sensitivities of skin, 135-36
taste sensations, 134-35
visual ability, 126-30
sensory projection areas, 99
sensory register, 238-39
sensory variation, motivation for, 300-302
septal area, 102
serendipitous finding, 103
serial recall, 241
serotonin, 95, 299
set, concept of, 217-18
attending and, 149
sex and sexual expression, 324-28
experiencing sex, 324-25
female response, 325
male response, 325
preference, sexual, 325-27
with object, 327
by oneself, 326
with partner, 326-27
varieties of experience, 327-28
•frequency of sex, 328
nonprocreative sex, 327
sensate focus, 328
sex differences
diminishing influences on, 67
intelligence and, 390
sex roles, influence of achievement
motivation and, 316
sexual motivation, 292
shadows, 156
shape constancy, 154
shaping, 189
shock, as factor in forgetting
emotional. 246
physical, 245
shock and surgery, somatic therapy and,
471-73
short-term memory, 239-40
sibling rivalry, 324
side effect, drug, 474
signal-detection theory, 125
signal learning, 194
significance, statistical, 530
similarity, principle of, 153
simplification, 236
simultaneous conditioning, 180
single blind, 48
single-pair traits, 61
situational attribution, 496
situational test, 414
situationism, 413
vs. traits, 413
situations, leaders and, 511
size constancy, 154, 155
size of retinal image, 157
skewed curve, 520
skin, sensitivities of, 135-36
Skinner box, 186
sleep and rest, as survival motive,
298-300
sleeping functions, 104-5
slow learner, 379
smell, sense of, 132-34
social behavior, 487-513
attitudes and stereotypes, 488-95
consistency principle, 491-93
developing attitudes, 489-91
using stereotypes, 493-95
group structure and process, 508-11
leadership question, 509-11
roles and hierarchies, 508-9
interpersonal attraction, 496-501
determinants of attraction,
499-501
person perception, 496-98
patterns of interaction, 501-8
altruistic behavior, 504-6
conformity, tendency toward,
502-4
cooperation and competition,
506-8
summary, 512-13
social development, 65-69
caretaker-child interaction, 65-67
early experience, role of, 67-69
social distance, 553
social facilitation, 506
social isolation among humans, 304
social issues, contemporary. See
ecological psychology; law and
psychology; mass media and
psychology; physical health,
psychology and
social learning theory, 260-64
concept of modeling, 260-63
modeling and mass media, 263-64
personality and, 412-13
social motivation and emotion, 313-40
achievement and aggression, 314-20
motivation, achievement, 314-18
problem of aggression, 318-20
affiliation, need for, 320-24
contact with others, 320-22
love relationships, 322-24
problem of emotion, 329-34
behavioral aspects, 332-34
feelings in emotion, 329-31
physiological processes, 331-32
sex and sexual expression, 324-28
experiencing sex, 324-25
prefeience, sexual, 325-27
varieties of sexual experience,
327-28
summary, 338-40
theoretical perspectives, 334-37
classical views, 334-35
cognition, role of. 335-36
unconscious processes, 337
social psychology, 488
social specialist, 510
society and adjustment, 448-51
antisocial personality, 446-50
cultural standards, 450-51
society and social problems, ethical
issues, 23-25
sociocultural model, 479
sociogram, 501
sociology, 291
solution learning, 194
somatic therapy, 471-75
drug treatments, 473-75
shock and surgery, 471-73
somatization disorder, 439
somatoform disorders, 438-39
somatotonia, 406
somatotypes and temperament, 406
somethesis, 99
source credibility, 555
source traits, 408
space perception, 156-59
special classes, 383
species-specific behavior, 291-92
species survival, as survival motive,
292-94
specific ability, intellect models and, 373
specific hungers, 296-97
spinal cord, 96
spinal nerves, 92
split-brain research, 109-11
split-litter technique, 47
spontaneous recovery, 182, 188
spontaneous remission, 477
S-R psychology, 197
stabilized retinal image, 128
stage theory, in creativity, 219-20
standard deviation, 521
standard error, 529
standardized procedure, test reliability
and,356-57
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 371
stars, 501
statistics, technology and, 515-34
descriptive statistics, 517-23
applications of statistics, 522-23
central tendency, measures of,
518-20
raw scores and graphs, 517-18
variability, measures of, 520-22