Developmental psychology.pdf

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List of Figures xv Acknowledgments xix Prologue xxiii Part 1 Background and Methods Chapter 1 Psychology in Our Times 5 NATURE OF SCIENCE 7 Assumptions of Science 7 Scientific Method 9 EMERGENCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY 10 Early Contributions 10 Wundt and Experimentalism 12 James and Functionalism 14 CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY 15 Diversity of Interests 15 Models of Psychology 17 ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Research and Licensure 21 Society and Social Problems 23 21 Chapter 2 Investigating Behavior 29 NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION 30 Types of Observation 30 Problems and Decisions 33 SURVEY METHOD 35 Questionnaires and Inventories 35 Sampling Procedures 36 Interpreting Results 38 CLINICAL APPROACH 40 Interviewing Techniques 40 Psychological Testing 42 Case History 43 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 44 Classical Experiment 44 Design of Experiments 46 Multifactor Studies 49 RESEARCH IN PERSPECTIVE 50 Inference and Theory 50 Comparison of Methods 52
viii Contents Part 2 The Human Organism Chapter 3 Human Development 59 • : "' ;i i'-i':k 'i'&'K?:'"""?''' ••"''••' PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 60 Biological Influences 60 Sensory and Motor Development SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 65 Caretaker-Child Interaction 65 Role of Early Experience 67 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 69 Sensorimotor Period 70 Preoperational Thought 70 Concrete Operations 72 Formal Operations 73 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 73 Nature-Nurture Issue 74 62 Interaction Principle 76 DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIFE CYCLE Childhood Changes 77 Adolescent Crisis 80 Patterns in Adulthood 81 Being Elderly 83 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 84 77 Chapter 4 Physiology and Behavior 89 NEURAL PATHWAYS AND IMPULSES Peripheral Nervous System 90 Nerve Transmission 92 Central Nervous System 95 CEREBRAL CORTEX 97 Motor and Sensory Areas 98 Association Areas 100 SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES 101 Hypothalamic Region 101 Reticular Formation 104 90 MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS 105 Autonomic Nervous System 105 Endocrine Balance 108 STUDYING BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 109 Split-Brain Research 109 Measuring Brain and Body States 111
Page 1 and 2: MUNN'S NTRODUCTION TO FERNALD/FERNA
Page 4 and 5: INTRODUCTION TO Psychology L. DODGE
Page 6: List of Figures xv Acknowledgments
Page 11 and 12: Contents Part 4 Learning and Inform
Page 13 and 14: xii Contents Part 6 Individual Diff
Page 15 and 16: xiv Contents Part 8 Psychology and
Page 17 and 18: xvi List of Figures Figure 8.1 Lana
Page 20 and 21: As the reader Purely will decide, t
Page 23: A Journey
Page 26 and 27: Prologue Title Topic Source /. Psyc
Page 28 and 29: Prologue xxvii Like the response pa
Page 30: INTRODUCTION TO Psychology
Page 35 and 36: Background and Methods At mealtime
Page 37 and 38: Background and Methods Figure 1.2 T
Page 39 and 40: 10 Background and Methods 'One spri
Page 41 and 42: 12 Background and Methods It should
Page 43 and 44: 14 Background and Methods James and
Page 45 and 46: 16 Background and Methods Figure 1.
Page 51 and 52: 22 Background and Methods 'Sitting
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Page 55 and 56: 26 Background and Methods Emergence
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30 Background and Methods "My mothe
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32 Background and Methods Collectin
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34 Background and Methods A related
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36 Background and Methods Figure 2.
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38 Background and Methods *l was on
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40 Background and Methods CLINICAL
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42 Background and Methods Psycholog
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Background and Methods Another trou
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46 Background and Methods Figure 2.
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48 Background and Methods When the
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50 Background and Methods RESEARCH
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52 Background and Methods Prior to
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54 Background and Methods Survey Me
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60 The Human Organism The study of
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62 The Human Organism Figure 3.4 In
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64 The Human Organism Figure 3.7 De
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66 The Human Organism The increased
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68 The Human Organism This totally
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Plate 2 Eight-Week-Old Fetus. In ju
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70 The Human Organism Sensorimotor
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72 The Human Organism The deprivati
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74 The Human Organism Figure 3.13 I
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76 The Human Organism The qualifica
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78 The Human Organism Figure 3.15 D
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80 The Human Organism Figure 3.17 A
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82 The Human Organism Transfer Grou
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84 The Human Organism INDIVIDUAL DI
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86 The Human Organism Heredity and
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fftgtepoiitfHf ДОИ* * L» i-'"-,
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Physiology and Behavior 91 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 93 —f Res
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Physiology and Behavior 95 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 97 Receptor
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Physiology and Behavior 99 Motor Pr
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Physiology and Behavior 101 Nonsens
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.,••. ь • • : • ; •
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Physiology and Behavior 105 On this
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Physiology and Behavior 107 Lung He
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Physiology and Behavior 109 part of
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Physiology and Behavior 111 One fun
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Physiology and Behavior 113 Figure
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Physiology and Behavior 115 Subcort
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•'л§ а- 1 : '•:£•* a i'A
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122 Modes of Awareness In this chap
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124 Modes of Awareness *James Bond
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126 Modes of Awareness TRADITIONAL
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128 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.5 T
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130 Modes of Awareness *l knew a gu
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132 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.8 C
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Plate 6 Retinal Color Zones. This c
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134 Modes of Awareness whereas the
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136 Modes of Awareness -J- Hair Fre
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138 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.13
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140 Modes of Awareness 'I've often
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142 Modes of Awareness the light ea
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144 Modes of Awareness 5. The stimu
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K^^rT, •. -Y - w* 7 r< - ч. 3i>.
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148 Modes of Awareness The boy's ar
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150 Modes of Awareness Stimulus Cha
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152 Modes of Awareness Figure 6.3 I
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1S4 Modes of Awareness L \ С Figur
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156 Modes of Awareness MAKING AN IN
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158 Modes of Awareness 'When I was
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160 Modes of Awareness The same sor
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164 Modes of Awareness Achieving an
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166 Modes of Awareness Altogether,
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170 Modes of Awareness A most impor
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172 Modes of Awareness 7. An illusi
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,_•,„-:..&и';#&*•;,. 77:^7
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7 Learning as Conditioning CLASSICA
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Learning as Conditioning 179 Classi
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Learning as Conditioning 181 Consid
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Learning as Conditioning 183 the cl
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Learning as Conditioning 185 Pavlov
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Learning as Conditioning 187 A food
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Learning as Conditioning 189 hours,
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Learning as Conditioning 191 1,000
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Learning as Conditioning 193 Extern
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Learning as Conditioning 195 The or
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Learning as Conditioning 197 This v
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Learning as Conditioning 199 Critic
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202 Learning and Information Proces
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Memory Rote Mnembiifc'fievices iMRn
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Memory 233 which in this case were
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Memory 235 Reappearance Hypothesis
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Memory 237 Method of Recognition If
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Memory 239 Images in the Sensjry Sy
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Memory 241 In this sense Harold Bur
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Memory 243 Depth of processing is n
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Plate 9 Structure of DNA. The disco
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Memory 245 Figure 9.10 Decay Theory
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Memory 247 Figure 9.12 Interference
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Memory 249 Repressive Forgetting Ou
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Memory 251 Type of Passage Original
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Memory 253 Figure 9.18 Overlearning
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Memory 255 Memory trace Physiologic
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Memory 257 10. Forgetting apparentl
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- " - • ~ and Instruction . p Of
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Learning and Instruction 261 After
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Learning and Instruction 263 For th
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Learning and Instruction 265 Figure
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Learning and Instruction 269 1. Stu
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Learning and Instruction 271 domain
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— Learning and Instruction 273 d>
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Learning and Instruction 277 Useful
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Learning and Instruction 279 cube,
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Learning and Instruction 281 10. Th
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d l Robin's Voyage ••-,-й . я
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286 Motivation and Emotion Robin's
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288 Motivation and Emotion Figure 1
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290 Motivation and Emotion Robin al
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292 Motivation and Emotion Species
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296 Motivation and Emotion Method o
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298 Motivation and Emotion Cellular
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300 MotivatiO7i and Emotion *' v
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304 Motivation and Emotion Social I
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306 Motivation and Emotion Critique
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310 Motivation and Emotion 3. As on
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Together i^lf*
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314 Motivation and Emotion Stephen
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316 Motivation and Emotion *We all
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320 Motivation and Emotion 'Last Sa
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322 Motivation and Emotion "This st
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326 Motivation and Emotion of neigh
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328 Motivation and Emotion Here aga
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332 Motivation and Emotion ;...•>
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334 Motivation and Emotion 14 Figur
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338 Motivation and Emotion Summary
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340 Motivation and Emotion Critical
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г -' -'-"i-i-г- • * * • -!*'
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METHODS OF Early Development» Со
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Tests and Measurement 347 Early Dev
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Tests and Measurement 349 Figure 13
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Tests and Measurement 351 1. Will y
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Tests and Measurement 353 General K
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Tests and Measurement 355 Weights H
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Plate11 Testing Spatial Relations A
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1 .•• Tests and Measurement 357
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Tests and Measurement 359 The pisto
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Tests and Measurement 361 Norm-Refe
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Tests and Measurement 363 Evaluatio
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Tests and Measurement 365 Summary M
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Intelligence "tiEMSOHEMENT OFINTELL
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Intelligence 371 Binet's Early Scal
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Intelligence 373 But any complex so
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Intelligence 375 Figure 14.8 Struct
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Intelligence 377 Terman and Goddard
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Intelligence 379 Goddard completely
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Intelligence 381 With regard to phy
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Intelligence 383 ORIGINS OF INTELLI
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Intelligence 385 Figure 14.16 Exami
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Intelligence 387 Both factors are a
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Intelligence 389 CD 8 6.4 6.2 60 I
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Intelligence 391 This commentary, f
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Intelligence 393 8. Surveys have sh
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Personality THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSI
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Personality 399 Figure 15.2 Fraud i
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Personality 401 Figure 15.4 Imitati
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Personality 403 Jenny's Unconscious
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Personality 405 Figure 15.6 Project
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Personality 407 thus offers greater
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Personality 409 Figure 15.8 A Lette
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Personality 411 LEARNING THEORY Aft
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Personality 413 Vicarious Reinforce
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Personality 415 is a function of S-
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Personality 417 Person-Centered App
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Personality 419 incongruence should
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Plate 15 Adjustment as a Continuous
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Personality 421 This approach somet
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Personality 423 Critical Terms Pers
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 427 PR
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 429 -
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 431 Av
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 433 Ag
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 435 Co
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 437 In
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 439 Fi
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 441 Ac
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 445 Ma
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 447 En
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 451 Si
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 453 13
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" *•. i" 'A *-t) V .c | to his д
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Therapy 457 But alcohol was only an
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Therapy 459 f-V '" ..;••*•:
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Therapy 461 merit, using somewhat d
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Therapy 463 T: "You did. You must h
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Therapy 465 A basic procedure in lo
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Therapy 467 Examination hierarchy 1
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Therapy 469 the food itself. Or may
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Therapy 471 Figure 17.12 Boxing and
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Therapy 473 Figure 17.14 JW's Mood
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Therapy 475 Influence of Drugs Drug
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Therapy 477 Problems in Measuring C
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Therapy 479 The extent to which any
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Therapy 481 2. In person-centered c
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Therapy 483 Suggested Readings Belk
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488 Psychology and Society These pe
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490 Psychology and Society Changing
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492 Psychology and Society Figure 1
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494 Psychology and Society In any r
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496 Psychology and Society INTERPER
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500 Psychology and Society 30 Figur
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506 Psychology and Society 'A situa
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508 Psychology and Society petition
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510 Psychology and Society terror i
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512 Psychology and Society Summary
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518 Psychology and Society This pro
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524 Psychology and Society METHODS
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528 Psychology and Society Row Figu
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530 Psychology and Society Study of
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532 Psychology and Society The quan
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534 Psychology and Society Cross Re
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538 Psychology and Society We begin
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540 Psychology and Society To find
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542 Psychology and Society Another
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544 Psychology and Society LAW AND
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648 Psychology and Society Research
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550 Psychology and Society Rank the
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554 Psychology and Society Architec
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558 Psychology and Society Televisi
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560 Psychology and Society Summary
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•*. -V . |Epiloguer* Psychology i
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Epilogue 565 Figure E.2 Research in
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568 Glossary affective state* A psy
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570 Glossary avoidance-avoidance co
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572 Glossary Clever Hans phenomenon
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574 Glossary consolidation theory A
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576 Glossary dependent variable An
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578 Glossary electroconvulsive ther
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580 Glossary fixed ratio reinforcem
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582 Glossary higher-order condition
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584 Glossary intensity The quantita
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586 Glossary Likert method An attit
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588 Glossary motor Pertaining to mu
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590 Glossary operations In the stru
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592 Glossary phobic disorder A stro
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594 Glossary psychoanalysis A syste
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596 Glossary relative movement in p
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598 Glossary self-reinforcement sch
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600 Glossary special classes An app
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602 Glossary telegraphic utterances
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604 Glossary variable A changeable
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606 References Bahrick, L. E., Walk
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608 References Cappon, D., & Banks,
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610 References Eysenck, H. J., & Ka
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612 References Guilford, J. P. (197
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614 References Jensen, A. R' (1969)
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616 References Limber, J. (1977). L
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618 References Moore, В. S. Underw
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620 References Roethlisberger, F. J
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622 References Skeels, H. M. (1973)
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624 References Van Gogh, V. (1888).
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life -"**. - _ T • is * * 4 = * i
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Credits 629 Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 Fr
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Name Index Aarons. L, 272 Abdel-Hal
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Index 633 Hirvonen. M. D., 295 Hitl
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Index 635 Sladen, W. J. L, 33 Slate
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638 Index California Personality In
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640 Index intelligence quotient (!Q
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642 Index reaction formation, 434 r
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