Developmental psychology.pdf

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№»'*•. ',:.-№л: s\ - • Issues • .--ь .•; ! Je P r * ) P e f st "#ofhmnamty;-baid Aristotle, "is humanity itself." In this book iW •'':••'• ':Д" we " hav * fo' 10 *» 1 thk prescnptioji by focusing upon psychol k:* " '.:- ! I я ' Ог 8 апге!П 8 each chapter around some ijbue of human interest: I':" r* • ::-.':f^Bf children, a monk whb ? «ick, fraudulent psychiatrie patients, and so forth 'id-' •"•' Чч " V» Il ? lhlsfmalc - ha P t er we^ concerned wUhfiractical human problem5*«ntran v>. : "• VJV**** caI!ed *PP lied psychotbgy. The aim in applied psychology is to assist ш|^ P: ; -' ,^1- A;>. f W c to socml issues. This approach is sometimes contrasted with basic research, -£ r ; -• •« m which the aim is to increase.our undosstanding of human and animal nature apart i> •-.; ' • /:' * .t- ? * e ^P* 03 ** 1 the »« Problems the protagonist is you, the reader, almost fink*..*-^1 - ! iahed4With your first course in-psychology. Our plan is to anticipate the ways in which """" psychology in life after college. / '
538 Psychology and Society We begin with psychology and physical health; then we consider psychology's role in our legal system; next we turn to psychology and the environment; and finally, we examine psychology in the context of the mass media, which today exert a pervasive influence throughout the world. Psychology may be most influential as we move from the industrial age to the information age. PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL HEALTH As you look around or project yourself into a college reunion years hence, what diseases and disorders seem to be significantly responsible for illness and death in our society? To which diseases will you be most susceptible as you continue through the life span? And how can you cope with them? Psychology's role in these critical issues has been expanding rapidly in recent years. The broadest term for this work is health psychology, indicating that psychologists are involved in the whole spectrum of health-related issues, including diagnosis, treatment, health education, and preventive measures. The field is also known as medical psychology and behavioral medicine, but these expressions are older and narrower in scope. Within the American Psychological Association, the new Division of Health Psychology is the most obvious evidence of psychology as a vital force in America's health programs (Gentry & Matarazzo, 1981; Figure 20.1). Despite this growth, there is a persistent and erroneous tendency for psychology to be considered part of psychiatry, which severely limits its scope and influence. Psychiatry is a subspecialty within medicine, concerned with mental disorder. Psychology is a whole broad field in itself, as we have seen throughout this book, with specialties ranging from psychophysics to educational psychology; it includes all forms of normal as well as abnormal functioning. Within the field of health, psychology is concerned with such diverse issues as consumer protection, the impact of hospitalization on the patient, psychosomatic disorders, the geriatric patient, management of obesity, assessment of hypertension, and so forth. To regard this work as a branch of psychiatry is to misunderstand seriously the field of psychology and the subspecialty of health psychology. 2,600 Figure 20.1 Psychologists in U.S. Medical Schools. Data were unavailable prior to the middle of this century, but the numbers were small. « 2 ' 200 f> 1,800 u.1,400 I •5 1,000 I 600 / r / f 200 / 1932 1952 Year 1972
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MUNN'S NTRODUCTION TO FERNALD/FERNA
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INTRODUCTION TO Psychology L. DODGE
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List of Figures xv Acknowledgments
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viii Contents Part 2 The Human Orga
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Contents Part 4 Learning and Inform
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xii Contents Part 6 Individual Diff
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xiv Contents Part 8 Psychology and
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xvi List of Figures Figure 8.1 Lana
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As the reader Purely will decide, t
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A Journey
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Prologue Title Topic Source /. Psyc
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Prologue xxvii Like the response pa
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INTRODUCTION TO Psychology
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Background and Methods At mealtime
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Background and Methods Figure 1.2 T
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10 Background and Methods 'One spri
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12 Background and Methods It should
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14 Background and Methods James and
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16 Background and Methods Figure 1.
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22 Background and Methods 'Sitting
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24 Background and Methods Each of t
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26 Background and Methods Emergence
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30 Background and Methods "My mothe
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32 Background and Methods Collectin
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34 Background and Methods A related
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38 Background and Methods *l was on
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40 Background and Methods CLINICAL
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42 Background and Methods Psycholog
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Background and Methods Another trou
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48 Background and Methods When the
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50 Background and Methods RESEARCH
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52 Background and Methods Prior to
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54 Background and Methods Survey Me
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60 The Human Organism The study of
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62 The Human Organism Figure 3.4 In
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64 The Human Organism Figure 3.7 De
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66 The Human Organism The increased
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68 The Human Organism This totally
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Plate 2 Eight-Week-Old Fetus. In ju
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70 The Human Organism Sensorimotor
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72 The Human Organism The deprivati
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74 The Human Organism Figure 3.13 I
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76 The Human Organism The qualifica
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78 The Human Organism Figure 3.15 D
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80 The Human Organism Figure 3.17 A
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82 The Human Organism Transfer Grou
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84 The Human Organism INDIVIDUAL DI
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86 The Human Organism Heredity and
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fftgtepoiitfHf ДОИ* * L» i-'"-,
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Physiology and Behavior 91 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 93 —f Res
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Physiology and Behavior 95 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 97 Receptor
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Physiology and Behavior 99 Motor Pr
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Physiology and Behavior 101 Nonsens
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.,••. ь • • : • ; •
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Physiology and Behavior 105 On this
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Physiology and Behavior 107 Lung He
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Physiology and Behavior 109 part of
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Physiology and Behavior 111 One fun
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Physiology and Behavior 113 Figure
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Physiology and Behavior 115 Subcort
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•'л§ а- 1 : '•:£•* a i'A
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122 Modes of Awareness In this chap
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124 Modes of Awareness *James Bond
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126 Modes of Awareness TRADITIONAL
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128 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.5 T
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130 Modes of Awareness *l knew a gu
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132 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.8 C
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Plate 6 Retinal Color Zones. This c
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134 Modes of Awareness whereas the
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136 Modes of Awareness -J- Hair Fre
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138 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.13
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140 Modes of Awareness 'I've often
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142 Modes of Awareness the light ea
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144 Modes of Awareness 5. The stimu
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K^^rT, •. -Y - w* 7 r< - ч. 3i>.
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148 Modes of Awareness The boy's ar
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150 Modes of Awareness Stimulus Cha
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152 Modes of Awareness Figure 6.3 I
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1S4 Modes of Awareness L \ С Figur
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156 Modes of Awareness MAKING AN IN
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158 Modes of Awareness 'When I was
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160 Modes of Awareness The same sor
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164 Modes of Awareness Achieving an
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166 Modes of Awareness Altogether,
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170 Modes of Awareness A most impor
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172 Modes of Awareness 7. An illusi
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,_•,„-:..&и';#&*•;,. 77:^7
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7 Learning as Conditioning CLASSICA
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Learning as Conditioning 179 Classi
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Learning as Conditioning 181 Consid
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Learning as Conditioning 183 the cl
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Learning as Conditioning 185 Pavlov
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Learning as Conditioning 187 A food
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Learning as Conditioning 189 hours,
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Learning as Conditioning 191 1,000
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Learning as Conditioning 193 Extern
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Learning as Conditioning 195 The or
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Learning as Conditioning 197 This v
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Learning as Conditioning 199 Critic
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202 Learning and Information Proces
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Memory Rote Mnembiifc'fievices iMRn
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Memory 233 which in this case were
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Memory 235 Reappearance Hypothesis
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Memory 237 Method of Recognition If
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Memory 239 Images in the Sensjry Sy
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Memory 241 In this sense Harold Bur
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Memory 243 Depth of processing is n
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Plate 9 Structure of DNA. The disco
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Memory 245 Figure 9.10 Decay Theory
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Memory 247 Figure 9.12 Interference
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Memory 249 Repressive Forgetting Ou
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Memory 251 Type of Passage Original
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Memory 253 Figure 9.18 Overlearning
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Memory 255 Memory trace Physiologic
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Memory 257 10. Forgetting apparentl
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- " - • ~ and Instruction . p Of
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Learning and Instruction 261 After
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Learning and Instruction 263 For th
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Learning and Instruction 265 Figure
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Learning and Instruction 269 1. Stu
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Learning and Instruction 271 domain
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— Learning and Instruction 273 d>
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Learning and Instruction 277 Useful
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Learning and Instruction 279 cube,
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Learning and Instruction 281 10. Th
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d l Robin's Voyage ••-,-й . я
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286 Motivation and Emotion Robin's
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288 Motivation and Emotion Figure 1
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290 Motivation and Emotion Robin al
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292 Motivation and Emotion Species
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296 Motivation and Emotion Method o
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298 Motivation and Emotion Cellular
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300 MotivatiO7i and Emotion *' v
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304 Motivation and Emotion Social I
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306 Motivation and Emotion Critique
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310 Motivation and Emotion 3. As on
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Together i^lf*
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314 Motivation and Emotion Stephen
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316 Motivation and Emotion *We all
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320 Motivation and Emotion 'Last Sa
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322 Motivation and Emotion "This st
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326 Motivation and Emotion of neigh
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328 Motivation and Emotion Here aga
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332 Motivation and Emotion ;...•>
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334 Motivation and Emotion 14 Figur
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338 Motivation and Emotion Summary
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340 Motivation and Emotion Critical
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г -' -'-"i-i-г- • * * • -!*'
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METHODS OF Early Development» Со
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Tests and Measurement 347 Early Dev
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Tests and Measurement 349 Figure 13
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Tests and Measurement 351 1. Will y
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Tests and Measurement 353 General K
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Tests and Measurement 355 Weights H
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Plate11 Testing Spatial Relations A
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1 .•• Tests and Measurement 357
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Tests and Measurement 359 The pisto
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Tests and Measurement 361 Norm-Refe
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Tests and Measurement 363 Evaluatio
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Tests and Measurement 365 Summary M
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Intelligence "tiEMSOHEMENT OFINTELL
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Intelligence 371 Binet's Early Scal
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Intelligence 373 But any complex so
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Intelligence 375 Figure 14.8 Struct
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Intelligence 377 Terman and Goddard
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Intelligence 379 Goddard completely
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Intelligence 381 With regard to phy
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Intelligence 383 ORIGINS OF INTELLI
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Intelligence 385 Figure 14.16 Exami
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Intelligence 387 Both factors are a
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Intelligence 389 CD 8 6.4 6.2 60 I
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Intelligence 391 This commentary, f
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Intelligence 393 8. Surveys have sh
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Personality THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSI
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Personality 399 Figure 15.2 Fraud i
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Personality 401 Figure 15.4 Imitati
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Personality 403 Jenny's Unconscious
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Personality 405 Figure 15.6 Project
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Personality 407 thus offers greater
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Personality 409 Figure 15.8 A Lette
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Personality 411 LEARNING THEORY Aft
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Personality 413 Vicarious Reinforce
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Personality 415 is a function of S-
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Personality 417 Person-Centered App
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Personality 419 incongruence should
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Plate 15 Adjustment as a Continuous
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Personality 421 This approach somet
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Personality 423 Critical Terms Pers
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 427 PR
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 429 -
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 431 Av
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 433 Ag
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 435 Co
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 437 In
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 439 Fi
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 441 Ac
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 445 Ma
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 447 En
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 451 Si
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Adjustment and Maladjustment 453 13
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" *•. i" 'A *-t) V .c | to his д
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Therapy 457 But alcohol was only an
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Therapy 459 f-V '" ..;••*•:
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Therapy 461 merit, using somewhat d
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Therapy 463 T: "You did. You must h
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Therapy 465 A basic procedure in lo
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Therapy 467 Examination hierarchy 1
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Therapy 469 the food itself. Or may
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Therapy 471 Figure 17.12 Boxing and
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Therapy 473 Figure 17.14 JW's Mood
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Therapy 475 Influence of Drugs Drug
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Therapy 477 Problems in Measuring C
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Therapy 479 The extent to which any
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Therapy 481 2. In person-centered c
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Therapy 483 Suggested Readings Belk
Page 527 and 528: 488 Psychology and Society These pe
Page 529 and 530: 490 Psychology and Society Changing
Page 531 and 532: 492 Psychology and Society Figure 1
Page 533 and 534: 494 Psychology and Society In any r
Page 535 and 536: 496 Psychology and Society INTERPER
Page 539 and 540: 500 Psychology and Society 30 Figur
Page 545 and 546: 506 Psychology and Society 'A situa
Page 547 and 548: 508 Psychology and Society petition
Page 549 and 550: 510 Psychology and Society terror i
Page 551 and 552: 512 Psychology and Society Summary
Page 557 and 558: 518 Psychology and Society This pro
Page 563 and 564: 524 Psychology and Society METHODS
Page 567 and 568: 528 Psychology and Society Row Figu
Page 569 and 570: 530 Psychology and Society Study of
Page 571 and 572: 532 Psychology and Society The quan
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Page 581 and 582: 542 Psychology and Society Another
Page 583 and 584: 544 Psychology and Society LAW AND
Page 587 and 588: 648 Psychology and Society Research
Page 589 and 590: 550 Psychology and Society Rank the
Page 593 and 594: 554 Psychology and Society Architec
Page 597 and 598: 558 Psychology and Society Televisi
Page 599 and 600: 560 Psychology and Society Summary
Page 602 and 603: •*. -V . |Epiloguer* Psychology i
Page 604: Epilogue 565 Figure E.2 Research in
Page 607 and 608: 568 Glossary affective state* A psy
Page 609 and 610: 570 Glossary avoidance-avoidance co
Page 611 and 612: 572 Glossary Clever Hans phenomenon
Page 613 and 614: 574 Glossary consolidation theory A
Page 615 and 616: 576 Glossary dependent variable An
Page 617 and 618: 578 Glossary electroconvulsive ther
Page 619 and 620: 580 Glossary fixed ratio reinforcem
Page 621 and 622: 582 Glossary higher-order condition
Page 623 and 624: 584 Glossary intensity The quantita
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586 Glossary Likert method An attit
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588 Glossary motor Pertaining to mu
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590 Glossary operations In the stru
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592 Glossary phobic disorder A stro
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594 Glossary psychoanalysis A syste
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596 Glossary relative movement in p
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598 Glossary self-reinforcement sch
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600 Glossary special classes An app
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602 Glossary telegraphic utterances
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604 Glossary variable A changeable
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606 References Bahrick, L. E., Walk
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608 References Cappon, D., & Banks,
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610 References Eysenck, H. J., & Ka
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612 References Guilford, J. P. (197
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614 References Jensen, A. R' (1969)
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616 References Limber, J. (1977). L
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618 References Moore, В. S. Underw
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620 References Roethlisberger, F. J
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622 References Skeels, H. M. (1973)
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624 References Van Gogh, V. (1888).
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life -"**. - _ T • is * * 4 = * i
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Credits 629 Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 Fr
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Name Index Aarons. L, 272 Abdel-Hal
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Index 633 Hirvonen. M. D., 295 Hitl
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Index 635 Sladen, W. J. L, 33 Slate
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638 Index California Personality In
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640 Index intelligence quotient (!Q
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642 Index reaction formation, 434 r
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