Developmental psychology.pdf

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" *•. i" 'A *-t) V .c | to his доЫоц) in gentler boi sexist terms: "Horses meat, meo; thai «ч(в|> w routine te surface of bis «kin. ;м# ( .* е < ••/- se .when confrooied suddenly he becomes аМЬЫ. He whim- 1 Little Albert straggles M?~
456 Integration of Behavior J. W. taxes the loyalty and patience of family and friends. Deliriously happy one day, filled with ideas for solving all of humanity's problems, he becomes lethargic and depressed the next, completely discouraged with himself and the world around him. By "one day and the next," we mean exactly that sort of precision. Each night, sometime between 2 and 3 A.M., J. W. undergoes a marked personality change, which the reader perhaps recognizes as characteristic of manic-depressive psychosis. To think that these problems can be alleviated by a given therapy is to be mistaken. This chapter is about therapy, and the basic thesis, stated here at the outset, is that different problems may be amenable to different forms of treatment. It is for this reason that we have today a wide variety of psychological treatments, arid to illustrate them we have introduced G., Little Albert, and J. W. Examination of their problems will show that a given therapy may be particularly effective with one type of problem, but it is not equally effective with all sorts of disorders. Altogether, we can identify three broad classes of therapy for psychological problems. First, there is psychotherapy, which generally assumes that the troubled person has some problem in the way that he or she thinks and feels about things. According to this view, G.'s excessive sweating reflects his thoughts and feelings about himself and other people. The treatment should lie in helping him to think and feel differently, which might be accomplished by talking with him. Despite its many varieties, psychotherapy is basically "the talking cure." A different approach focuses upon the person's behavior. Little Albert immediately withdraws from small, furry animals, avoiding them whenever possible. According to behavior modification, he has an undesirable habit, which can be changed most readily by altering certain conditions in the environment. Feelings are not the crucial issue. With its systematic use of rewards and punishment to alter behavior, this method is basically the "carrot-and-stick approach." Finally, J. W. has no control over his nightly personality transformation. It does not appear to be the result of his thinking, for the change takes place while he is asleep. It does not seem to be a bad habit, for he does not do anything significant while sleeping. J. W. simply awakens with a different sort of personality. His problem, according to a third approach to therapy, must arise through some physiological disturbance in his body. The treatment, aimed at bringing about some change in his electrochemical makeup, is sometimes called "the body cure." These, then, are the three broad approaches to therapy to be considered in this chapter: psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and somatic therapy. Each approach includes several varieties and special applications, for the term therapy, in its broadest sense, refers to any procedure designed to alleviate a disordered condition. At the end of the chapter we shall consider all of them from a more general perspective, for the development and evaluation of useful therapies is a difficult problem. PSYCHOTHERAPY At age 29, G.'s professional aspirations were in jeopardy because he perspired so much in others' company. He avoided people at work, and his social life was hindered. The sweat appeared first on his forehead and then on his temples, hands, and face. When the sweat began to drip, G. wiped it with a handkerchief, attracting further attention to the problem. He usually ate alone in unfrequented restaurants, shunned public places, and attended the movies, where he could not be seen in the darkness. When he was alone, G. did not sweat, and sweating did not occur when he was with friends. The problem was most acute with lesser-known people who were important to him. If someone inquired about his sweating, the condition immediately worsened. Always neat and clean, G. was especially concerned that his sweating might be accompanied by some offensive odor. The only remedy he had encountered was drinking alcohol. Three glasses of beer or some vodka prevented the problem (Dosuzkov, 1975).
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MUNN'S NTRODUCTION TO FERNALD/FERNA
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INTRODUCTION TO Psychology L. DODGE
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List of Figures xv Acknowledgments
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viii Contents Part 2 The Human Orga
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Contents Part 4 Learning and Inform
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xii Contents Part 6 Individual Diff
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xiv Contents Part 8 Psychology and
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xvi List of Figures Figure 8.1 Lana
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As the reader Purely will decide, t
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A Journey
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Prologue Title Topic Source /. Psyc
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Prologue xxvii Like the response pa
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INTRODUCTION TO Psychology
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Background and Methods At mealtime
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Background and Methods Figure 1.2 T
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10 Background and Methods 'One spri
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12 Background and Methods It should
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14 Background and Methods James and
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16 Background and Methods Figure 1.
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22 Background and Methods 'Sitting
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24 Background and Methods Each of t
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26 Background and Methods Emergence
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30 Background and Methods "My mothe
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32 Background and Methods Collectin
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34 Background and Methods A related
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38 Background and Methods *l was on
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40 Background and Methods CLINICAL
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42 Background and Methods Psycholog
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Background and Methods Another trou
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48 Background and Methods When the
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50 Background and Methods RESEARCH
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52 Background and Methods Prior to
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54 Background and Methods Survey Me
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60 The Human Organism The study of
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62 The Human Organism Figure 3.4 In
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64 The Human Organism Figure 3.7 De
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66 The Human Organism The increased
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68 The Human Organism This totally
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Plate 2 Eight-Week-Old Fetus. In ju
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70 The Human Organism Sensorimotor
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72 The Human Organism The deprivati
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74 The Human Organism Figure 3.13 I
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76 The Human Organism The qualifica
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78 The Human Organism Figure 3.15 D
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80 The Human Organism Figure 3.17 A
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82 The Human Organism Transfer Grou
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84 The Human Organism INDIVIDUAL DI
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86 The Human Organism Heredity and
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fftgtepoiitfHf ДОИ* * L» i-'"-,
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Physiology and Behavior 91 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 93 —f Res
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Physiology and Behavior 95 Figure 4
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Physiology and Behavior 97 Receptor
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Physiology and Behavior 99 Motor Pr
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Physiology and Behavior 101 Nonsens
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.,••. ь • • : • ; •
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Physiology and Behavior 105 On this
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Physiology and Behavior 107 Lung He
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Physiology and Behavior 109 part of
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Physiology and Behavior 111 One fun
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Physiology and Behavior 113 Figure
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Physiology and Behavior 115 Subcort
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•'л§ а- 1 : '•:£•* a i'A
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122 Modes of Awareness In this chap
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124 Modes of Awareness *James Bond
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126 Modes of Awareness TRADITIONAL
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128 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.5 T
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130 Modes of Awareness *l knew a gu
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132 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.8 C
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Plate 6 Retinal Color Zones. This c
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134 Modes of Awareness whereas the
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136 Modes of Awareness -J- Hair Fre
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138 Modes of Awareness Figure 5.13
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140 Modes of Awareness 'I've often
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142 Modes of Awareness the light ea
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144 Modes of Awareness 5. The stimu
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K^^rT, •. -Y - w* 7 r< - ч. 3i>.
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148 Modes of Awareness The boy's ar
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150 Modes of Awareness Stimulus Cha
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152 Modes of Awareness Figure 6.3 I
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1S4 Modes of Awareness L \ С Figur
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156 Modes of Awareness MAKING AN IN
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158 Modes of Awareness 'When I was
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160 Modes of Awareness The same sor
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164 Modes of Awareness Achieving an
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166 Modes of Awareness Altogether,
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170 Modes of Awareness A most impor
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172 Modes of Awareness 7. An illusi
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,_•,„-:..&и';#&*•;,. 77:^7
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7 Learning as Conditioning CLASSICA
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Learning as Conditioning 179 Classi
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Learning as Conditioning 181 Consid
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Learning as Conditioning 183 the cl
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Learning as Conditioning 185 Pavlov
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Learning as Conditioning 187 A food
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Learning as Conditioning 189 hours,
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Learning as Conditioning 191 1,000
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Learning as Conditioning 193 Extern
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Learning as Conditioning 195 The or
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Learning as Conditioning 197 This v
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Learning as Conditioning 199 Critic
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202 Learning and Information Proces
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Memory Rote Mnembiifc'fievices iMRn
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Memory 233 which in this case were
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Memory 235 Reappearance Hypothesis
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Memory 237 Method of Recognition If
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Memory 239 Images in the Sensjry Sy
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Memory 241 In this sense Harold Bur
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Memory 243 Depth of processing is n
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Plate 9 Structure of DNA. The disco
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Memory 245 Figure 9.10 Decay Theory
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Memory 247 Figure 9.12 Interference
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Memory 249 Repressive Forgetting Ou
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Memory 251 Type of Passage Original
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Memory 253 Figure 9.18 Overlearning
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Memory 255 Memory trace Physiologic
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Memory 257 10. Forgetting apparentl
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- " - • ~ and Instruction . p Of
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Learning and Instruction 261 After
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Learning and Instruction 263 For th
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Learning and Instruction 265 Figure
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Learning and Instruction 269 1. Stu
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Learning and Instruction 271 domain
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— Learning and Instruction 273 d>
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Learning and Instruction 277 Useful
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Learning and Instruction 279 cube,
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Learning and Instruction 281 10. Th
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d l Robin's Voyage ••-,-й . я
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286 Motivation and Emotion Robin's
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288 Motivation and Emotion Figure 1
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290 Motivation and Emotion Robin al
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292 Motivation and Emotion Species
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296 Motivation and Emotion Method o
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298 Motivation and Emotion Cellular
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300 MotivatiO7i and Emotion *' v
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304 Motivation and Emotion Social I
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306 Motivation and Emotion Critique
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310 Motivation and Emotion 3. As on
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Together i^lf*
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314 Motivation and Emotion Stephen
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316 Motivation and Emotion *We all
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320 Motivation and Emotion 'Last Sa
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322 Motivation and Emotion "This st
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326 Motivation and Emotion of neigh
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328 Motivation and Emotion Here aga
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332 Motivation and Emotion ;...•>
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334 Motivation and Emotion 14 Figur
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338 Motivation and Emotion Summary
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340 Motivation and Emotion Critical
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г -' -'-"i-i-г- • * * • -!*'
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METHODS OF Early Development» Со
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Tests and Measurement 347 Early Dev
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Tests and Measurement 349 Figure 13
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Tests and Measurement 351 1. Will y
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Tests and Measurement 353 General K
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Tests and Measurement 355 Weights H
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Plate11 Testing Spatial Relations A
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1 .•• Tests and Measurement 357
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Tests and Measurement 359 The pisto
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Tests and Measurement 361 Norm-Refe
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Tests and Measurement 363 Evaluatio
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Tests and Measurement 365 Summary M
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Intelligence "tiEMSOHEMENT OFINTELL
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Intelligence 371 Binet's Early Scal
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Intelligence 373 But any complex so
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Intelligence 375 Figure 14.8 Struct
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Intelligence 377 Terman and Goddard
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Intelligence 379 Goddard completely
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Intelligence 381 With regard to phy
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Intelligence 383 ORIGINS OF INTELLI
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Intelligence 385 Figure 14.16 Exami
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Intelligence 387 Both factors are a
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Intelligence 389 CD 8 6.4 6.2 60 I
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Intelligence 391 This commentary, f
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Intelligence 393 8. Surveys have sh
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Personality THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSI
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Personality 399 Figure 15.2 Fraud i
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Personality 401 Figure 15.4 Imitati
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Personality 403 Jenny's Unconscious
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Personality 405 Figure 15.6 Project
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Page 448 and 449: Personality 411 LEARNING THEORY Aft
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Page 458 and 459: Plate 15 Adjustment as a Continuous
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Page 468 and 469: Adjustment and Maladjustment 429 -
Page 470 and 471: Adjustment and Maladjustment 431 Av
Page 472 and 473: Adjustment and Maladjustment 433 Ag
Page 474 and 475: Adjustment and Maladjustment 435 Co
Page 476 and 477: Adjustment and Maladjustment 437 In
Page 478 and 479: Adjustment and Maladjustment 439 Fi
Page 480 and 481: Adjustment and Maladjustment 441 Ac
Page 484 and 485: Adjustment and Maladjustment 445 Ma
Page 486 and 487: Adjustment and Maladjustment 447 En
Page 490 and 491: Adjustment and Maladjustment 451 Si
Page 492 and 493: Adjustment and Maladjustment 453 13
Page 496 and 497: Therapy 457 But alcohol was only an
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Page 500 and 501: Therapy 461 merit, using somewhat d
Page 502 and 503: Therapy 463 T: "You did. You must h
Page 504 and 505: Therapy 465 A basic procedure in lo
Page 506 and 507: Therapy 467 Examination hierarchy 1
Page 508 and 509: Therapy 469 the food itself. Or may
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Page 512 and 513: Therapy 473 Figure 17.14 JW's Mood
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Page 522 and 523: Therapy 483 Suggested Readings Belk
Page 527 and 528: 488 Psychology and Society These pe
Page 529 and 530: 490 Psychology and Society Changing
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Page 533 and 534: 494 Psychology and Society In any r
Page 535 and 536: 496 Psychology and Society INTERPER
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506 Psychology and Society 'A situa
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508 Psychology and Society petition
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510 Psychology and Society terror i
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512 Psychology and Society Summary
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516 Psychology and Society Figure 1
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518 Psychology and Society This pro
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524 Psychology and Society METHODS
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528 Psychology and Society Row Figu
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530 Psychology and Society Study of
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532 Psychology and Society The quan
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534 Psychology and Society Cross Re
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538 Psychology and Society We begin
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540 Psychology and Society To find
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542 Psychology and Society Another
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544 Psychology and Society LAW AND
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648 Psychology and Society Research
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550 Psychology and Society Rank the
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554 Psychology and Society Architec
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558 Psychology and Society Televisi
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560 Psychology and Society Summary
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•*. -V . |Epiloguer* Psychology i
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Epilogue 565 Figure E.2 Research in
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568 Glossary affective state* A psy
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570 Glossary avoidance-avoidance co
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572 Glossary Clever Hans phenomenon
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574 Glossary consolidation theory A
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576 Glossary dependent variable An
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578 Glossary electroconvulsive ther
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580 Glossary fixed ratio reinforcem
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582 Glossary higher-order condition
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584 Glossary intensity The quantita
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586 Glossary Likert method An attit
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588 Glossary motor Pertaining to mu
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590 Glossary operations In the stru
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592 Glossary phobic disorder A stro
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594 Glossary psychoanalysis A syste
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596 Glossary relative movement in p
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598 Glossary self-reinforcement sch
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600 Glossary special classes An app
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602 Glossary telegraphic utterances
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604 Glossary variable A changeable
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606 References Bahrick, L. E., Walk
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608 References Cappon, D., & Banks,
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610 References Eysenck, H. J., & Ka
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612 References Guilford, J. P. (197
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614 References Jensen, A. R' (1969)
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616 References Limber, J. (1977). L
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618 References Moore, В. S. Underw
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620 References Roethlisberger, F. J
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622 References Skeels, H. M. (1973)
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624 References Van Gogh, V. (1888).
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life -"**. - _ T • is * * 4 = * i
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Credits 629 Chapter 3 Figure 3.4 Fr
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Name Index Aarons. L, 272 Abdel-Hal
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Index 633 Hirvonen. M. D., 295 Hitl
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Index 635 Sladen, W. J. L, 33 Slate
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638 Index California Personality In
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640 Index intelligence quotient (!Q
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642 Index reaction formation, 434 r
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