Developmental psychology.pdf

Learning as Conditioning 199
Critical Terms
Learning
Classical conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Differential conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Higher-order conditioning
Respondent behavior
Operant behavior
Law of effect
Operant conditioning
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Method of approximations
Intermittent reinforcement
Chaining
Two-factor theory
Behaviorism
Cross References
Conditioning Principles (180). Attitudes can be formed and changed through
classical conditioning; hence the field of social psychology contains
experiments on this topic (489).
Learning Emotional Reactions (184). The use of classical conditioning is also
described in the chapter on therapy (466).
Influence of Operant Conditioning (191). Applications of the operant method
appear in education and therapy (264, 468).
Research Challenges (195). For further understanding of how operant
conditioning may be used to control presumably involuntary responses, the
discussion of biofeedback may be useful (106).
Suggested Readings
Hilgard, E. R., & Bower, G. H. (1981). Theories of learning (5th ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. A basic text in this area.
Hill, W. F. (1981). Principles of learning: A handbook of applications.
Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred. Treats the psychology of learning as a pure
science and as a set of principles for achieving practical goals.
Rachlin, H. (1980). Behaviorism in everyday life. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall. A readable account of behavioristic principles.
Sahakian, W. S. (1984). Introduction to the psychology of learning (2nd
ed.). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock. Covers most areas, theories, and theorists.
Schwartz, В., & Lacey, H. (1982). Behaviorism, science, and human
nature. New York: Norton. A readable and representative account.