Developmental psychology.pdf

Principles of Motivation 311
11. In one motivational hierarchy the physiological and safety needs appear
first in order of importance. If these needs are satisfied, the individual
becomes concerned with love and belonging, then self-esteem, and perhaps
self-actualization, in that order. The theory is controversial because it lacks
empirical support; the concept of self-actualization is not well defined; and
there seems to be significant exceptions to the sequence.
12. Early experiences can influence motivation, impelling us to continue
accustomed ways of satisfying desires. Several different factors presumably
are involved in the motivation to perform any complex act.
Critical Terms
Motivation
Instinct
Prolactin
Releaser
Species-specific behavior
Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus
Subjective fatigue
Sensory-variation motive
Contact comfort
Homeostasis
Need
Drive
Incentive
Reward
Goal-directed behavior
Motivational hierarchy
Self-actualization
Cross References
Sexual Motivation (292). Psychological influences play a critical role in the
difference between passionate and compassionate love (323).
Social Isolation among Human Beings (304). Full details of the Skeels's study
are reported throughout the chapter on human development (59).
Suggested Readings
Bernstein, D. J. (Ed.). (1982). Response structure and organization: 1981
Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska
Shows how the concept of response structure relates to motivation.
Carlson, N. R. (1981). Physiology of behavior (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn &
Bacon. Includes chapters relevant to motivation.
Logan, F. A., & Gordon, W. С (1981). Fundamentals of learning and
motivation (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown. Numerous practical
examples and surveys of research findings.
Rosenblatt, J. S., Beer, C, Busnel, M.-C, & Slater, P. J. B. (1984).
Advances in the study of behavior, vol. XIV. New York: Academic Press.
Focusing upon animal behavior.
Toates, F. M., & Halliday, T. R. (Eds.). (1980). Analysis of motivational
processes. New York: Academic Press. Diverse articles at various levels of
complexity.