Arthur R. Butz – The Hoax Of The Twentieth Century

Supplement 2: Context and Perspective in the Holocaust Controversy
The Donation of Constantine
The “Donation of Constantine” is the most famous forgery in European history.
It first appeared somewhere around the year 800. It is a document allegedly
in the “hands” (sic) of Emperor Constantine I (288 – 337), which recounts the
long-standing and false legend of Constantine’s conversion and baptism by Pope
Sylvester I. Its principal feature is its grant to the Pope of temporal authority over
“the city of Rome and all the provinces, places, and states of Italy, and the western
regions.” It also decrees that the Pope “shall have the supremacy as well over
the four principal (holy) sees, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople,”
and makes various additional specific grants. To make it clear that the Donation
is in earnest, the document then has Constantine declare his intention to
transfer his own capital to “the practice of Byzantia (where) a city should be built
in our name […] for where the primate of priests and the head of the Christian religion
is established by the Heavenly Emperor, it is not right that an earthly Emperor
shall have authority there.”
What is of the greatest interest here is that the authenticity of this document
was rarely questioned before the fifteenth century, despite the facts that (1) according
to legends and histories widely available throughout the Middle Ages and
to the document itself, the city that Constantine founded on the ancient site of
Byzantium, and which was later called “Constantinople,” had not yet been
founded, much less made the site of a principal holy see and (2) more conclusively,
and in analogy with our “they were still there” observation on the Holocaust,
according to records and histories available throughout the Middle Ages,
imperial rule continued in Italy during the times of Constantine, Sylvester, and
their immediate successors.
It was certainly not lack of interest or relevance that explains the long failure
to see the Donation as a fraud. Much of the political life of the Middle Ages revolved
around the controversy over the relative power of Pope and Holy Roman
(i.e. German) Emperor, and able intellects participated in circumstances, in which
the Donation was considered one of the arguments on the side of the Pope. Even
Dante (1265-1321), an outspoken enemy of papal temporal power, touched on the
Donation in his Inferno only to deplore Constantine’s granting of it:
O Constantine, what great evil had as its mother
Not your conversion, but that dowry
Which the first rich father got from you!
Thus, a wildly ahistoric forgery, approximately in the class of a letter bearing
the alleged signature of George Washington, granting the Methodist Episcopal
Church “authority to rule over Washington, DC and subject territories of North
America,” went almost unchallenged throughout centuries of relevant controversy.
The first challenges were typically silly, off the mark, tendentious, or circumlocutory,
and often, with Dante, challenged only the desirability of the Donation
and not its historicity. In the middle of the twelfth century, the reform movement
of Arnold of Brescia attacked the whole legend of Sylvester and the Donation by
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