Holocaust in Romania - Corvinus Library - Hungarian History

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launched his entire propaganda machine in order to justify crimes alreadycommitted and provide encouragement for those yet to come. At the time,public opinion was prepared to give credit to any gossip; hesitation wasentirely abandoned, and hatred took over in almost everyone.Two months later, the Jews forced to shovel snow, were greeted with breadand hot meals. However, the decline of hatred was slower than its rise. Inany case, it proved to be enough for the public not to remain totallyindifferent to the campaign aimed at complete extermination. Themanifestation of good-will on the part of the population resulted in ahesitant and delaying approach from those who took part in the ordinary,but nevertheless historic meeting of the Council of Ministers on October13, 1942. The Allied Armies did the rest a month later at El Alamein,Algiers and Stalingrad.How ever, while “the mir a cle” was happening on both sides of theCarpathian Mountains, in that coun try blessed by God, but cursed by hu -man evil, in that enormous camp en closed by the wide and deep wa ters ofthe Dniester and the Bug, the pain ful tale of Jews deported from Ro ma niadrew to its fate ful close. Approx. 120,000 peo ple were dragged there. Theland of Transnistria was to be come their den, its soil their food, and itsearth their grave. From the first day to the last, the mur der ous scorn ing ofJews continued.“We brought you here to die. We would still like to ask you to prevent thespead of infectious diseases.”, said the physician sent to Moghilev by thegovernorship.“Are there any living Jews left in Transnistria ?”, the governor of theprovince asked his subordinates innocently from time to time.“Only the total extermination of these evil-doers and fanatic communistscan free mankind from the danger of communism”, the Inspector of theTransnistrian Gendarme reported to his superiors, while requestingfurther orders.From high-ranking officials to the last camp guard, nobody missed achance to prove in words or deeds that the great task at hand was the totalextermination of Jews.156
While Transnistria does not call to mind the apocalyptic flames ofcrematoriums, the methods which served the eventual realization of theobjective were nevertheless frighteningly versatile. They serve as anexample of methodic mass execution. Here, the undermining of thevictims’ moral stamina overshadowed the physical torture. In Germancamps victims quickly grew apathetic, so terribly so that not only did theygive up all hope at the very beginning, but completely ceased to exist asmoral beings. In Transnistria the hope was constantly alive in them, theywere always aware of the gradual degradation humanness, and accuratelyexperienced the truly terrifying moral pains. The fear of all sorts of diseasesthat threatened them from all sides; the problem of providing food forthemselves and their loved ones, the horror of being beaten or tortured, towhich they were constantly exposed - with or without pretext; thecontinuous anxiety over the threat of transportation to camps within thecountry or beyond the Bug, paralyzed their senses, numbed their physicalpain, but enormously increased their moral suffering.The most important contributory causes of the physical and psychologicalannihilation of the Jews deported to Transnistria were, naturally, theabove-mentioned (disease, hunger, torture, deportation or the nightmaresof these). The fact that total extermination could not be achieved can beattributed to another “miracle”, brought about by the enormous vitalityand indefatigable energy of the Jews. A small group of people—sometimesone single person—were capable of creating a community from the massof uprooted, exhausted suffering and persecuted people, through initiative,courage, strong will, stamina, and the power of respect as well as Jewishsolidarity.Leaders emerged, unelected, unappointed and unconfirmed in their roles.Similarly, Jewish institutions sprang up in a spontaneous and natural wayas a consequence of necessity and tragedy. The Office of OrganizingJewish Work can be considered one of these. Such institutions were widelydisdained by Jews, who saw that such organizations could be used as toolsby the enemy. These notorious offices played the role of necessary evil byeliminating unjust actions and hindering brutal acts of persecution.Because of the general hunger, public eateries, communal kitchens andfood distribution centers had to be set up, and the wonderful industrial‘associations’ (construction or small-scale industry workshops) had to be157
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Matatias Carp:Holocaust in RomaniaF
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ContentsPreface to the English Edit
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Preface to the EnglishEditionYou ha
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came here rather inclined to condon
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years and 7 months, plenty of time
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Foreword to the OriginalEditionMata
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li gious Com mu nities, and nei the
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Part 1. The Iron GuardThe History o
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summer of 1944. By September 1, 194
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to save their lives by es cap ing i
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An Outline of the Suffering ofRoman
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on the first day of the occupation
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From among the starving, exhausted
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Most of them, how ever, were killed
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On October 10, 1942, 80 children, 4
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wa ter brought in buck ets. How eve
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2. Robbing EvacueesThe Jew ish cit
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(c) Stealing aid sent to de port ee
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IV. Expropriation ActsUn der provis
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-almost all the Jewish schools in t
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XII. Withdrawal of the Right to Wor
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(c) Crafts menThe cer tif i cates o
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also forced to bear fi nan cial sac
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Those Responsible for the Atrocitie
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18. The ad min is tra tive apparatu
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sures in ar eas close to the front
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The Iron Guard GovernmentSeptember
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“I ensure Mr. Filderman that if h
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defends Jews—as their well-paid l
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these aliens be cause the gov ern m
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The Cap tain of the Met ro pol i ta
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Naturally, the activities of the Ir
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the legal formalities of the exprop
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From among the huge mass of lunatic
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forged to assist the final aim: Iro
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Handels Gremium zu Kronstadt ” al
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complaints prove justified, it is t
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His de ci sion was to be come fi na
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All quarters and all targets were a
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Part 2. The Pogrom in IasiHistorica
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of post ers in cit ing peo ple to k
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On the same night, on the initiativ
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sued by Ion Antonescu on June 19 se
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While the archives of the SSI re ma
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ter. As a mat ter of fact, they wer
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to Targu Jiu, women, chil dren and
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immediately, the seriously in jured
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June 26) Gen eral Leoveanu , the ex
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The au thor i ties or der a Gendarm
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forced on them by the beasts. Most
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The ru mor that the Ger mans had oc
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Col o nel Captaru (county head) wit
Page 109 and 110: last chance. That night only 3 car
Page 111 and 112: iages, while oth ers held as many a
Page 113 and 114: sub urbs. The num ber of victims wa
Page 115 and 116: cha otic event had been noth ing ot
Page 117 and 118: Selected DocumentsPre sid ium of th
Page 119 and 120: An nounce mentRe cently there have
Page 121 and 122: 5.The tes ti mony of Lieu ten ant-C
Page 123 and 124: Antonescu a few days be fore the po
Page 125 and 126: town. Grigore Petrovici had ev ery
Page 127 and 128: I have been Dep uty Pres i dent of
Page 129 and 130: As the lo cal Chief of Po lice at t
Page 131 and 132: The of fi cers of the 6th Ri fle Re
Page 133 and 134: 15.From the tes ti mony of Lieu ten
Page 135 and 136: corpses. Most of the women had cov
Page 137 and 138: 17.Iasi Central Po lice Sta tion Re
Page 139 and 140: The Ger mans be gan to search the d
Page 141 and 142: Lieu ten ant-Col o nel Al. Manoil m
Page 143 and 144: The mood and dis po si tion of the
Page 145 and 146: Vivoschi; Iosub Ghita ; Gheorghe Gr
Page 147 and 148: Ac cord ing to pro vi sions of the
Page 149 and 150: Part 3. TransnistriaHistorical Revi
Page 151 and 152: later (April 10, 1882) by the great
Page 153 and 154: The will of the Germans was the dir
Page 155 and 156: press of Bucharest, did not meet wi
Page 157 and 158: Ru ma nian pseudo-de moc racy, and
Page 159: oth ers from be ing enacted, and ev
Page 163 and 164: The Massacres in Bessarabia,Bucovin
Page 165 and 166: oaming the city center and the Jewi
Page 167 and 168: east of a major ordered the carcass
Page 169: ual and mass, are committed by Ro m
Page 172 and 173: July 5, 1941Following an order give
Page 174 and 175: night, the women were barbarically
Page 176 and 177: July 8, 1941Romanian troops oc cu p
Page 178 and 179: Moghilev . The consignment of 300 p
Page 180 and 181: We can conclude that two months aft
Page 183 and 184: suf fo ca tion—some times these w
Page 185 and 186: July 8, 1941Col o nel Meculescu , C
Page 187 and 188: August 2, 1941Bessarabian Jews, who
Page 189 and 190: Note: Al though the com mand was en
Page 191 and 192: October 31, 1941The de por ta tion
Page 193 and 194: Deportations from Bucovina, Dorohoi
Page 195 and 196: lived scattered in the town, are no
Page 197 and 198: eing beaten with clubs and rifle bu
Page 199 and 200: Murders in Odessa and in theCountie
Page 201 and 202: Jews are allowed to live only in ce
Page 203 and 204: January 17: 1,104January 18: 1,293J
Page 205 and 206: Deportations in the Spring andAutum
Page 207 and 208: June 28, 1942A new Black Sunday for
Page 209 and 210: cause not only pain, but also fear.
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The Minister of the Interior, Gener
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Life and Death in TransnistriaThe C
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onwards on foot towards Lucinet , C
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January 5, 1942In Obadovca the pete
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Both the number of patients and dea
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winter, most of them fell victim to
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March, 1943In Oc to ber 1943, Wilhe
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longer beaten by officers and soldi
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RepatriationThe Chronological Order
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The committee proposed allowing the
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The committee which had set off for
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Selected DocumentsCir cu lar No.206
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The lo cal au thor i ties may also
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9.July 5, 1942, No.192The Office of
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tions, I am sure that the most hor
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