Holocaust in Romania - Corvinus Library - Hungarian History

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(b) Stealing cash, gold and jewelry: one of the de ci sions of the RomanianNational Bank, with the con sent of higher au thor i ties, obliged Jew ish de -port ees to de posit their cash (lei and foreign cur rency), gold and jewelry inthe bank. In re turn they were given Soviet rubles orReichkreditkassenschein marks, which had no coverage (and were onlyvalid in oc cu pied ter ri to ries). 26Ex change rates were calculated ar bi trarily and with hostility, and ri dic u -lously small amounts were paid.24 Di rec tive No.38 of Oc to ber 11, 1941, is sued by Gen eral CorneliuCalotescu , Gov er nor of Bucovina , is an in stance of this.25 Re port No. 116 of Oc to ber 31, 1941 re fer ring to the cross -ing-place at Otac (with out sig na ture and is su ing au thor ity). It wasad dressed to the Mil i tary Judge of the army on No vem ber 2,1941 and also con tains the fol low ing ex tract:“The in for ma tion given by the lo cal Gen dar merie makes it clearthat gold was taken away from Jews by the kilo, and dol lars aswell as other valu ables were con fis cated from them. Af ter theyhad crossed the river Dniester at Moghilev , their sacks weretaken away to gether with the be long ings they still had. All thesewere stocked in a large barn, and the Jews pro ceeded with theclothes they were wear ing, and with out money.”Gen eral Ion Topor , the Mil i tary Judge of the army, wrote this re -mark on the mar gin of the in for ma tion re port: “I think this re portmay be true”. He or dered an in ves ti ga tion, which, nat u rally, didnot pro duce any re sults.26 In ter ri to ries af fected by mass-de por ta tion, the cash of Jews un -der went the fol low ing “trans fig u ra tion”: in July 1940 Soviet ad min -is tra tive au thor i ties obliged the cit i zens to ex change lei for rubles;40 lei for 1 ru ble.In July 1941 the Ro ma nian ad min is tra tive au thor i ties obliged thecit i zens to ex change rubles for lei; 1 ru ble for 1 leu.In Oc to ber 1941 the Ro ma nian Na tional Bank obliged Jews to ex -change lei for rubles; 40 lei for 1 ru ble.34
(c) Stealing aid sent to de port ees: The au thor i ties—act ing on the or ders ofIon Antonescu —for a long time for bade the send ing of individual or col -lective aid, which could have eased the plight of deportees. In spite of thedan ger, on many oc ca sions peo ple at tempted to send food, cloth ing,money or other items in se cret. How ever, not even one hun dredth of thepar cels reached the ad dress ees; ei ther because of the ill-will of the “be nev o -lent” peo ple who un der took to trans port them and later stole them, or dueto es pe cially alert guards, who con fis cated all parcels dis cov ered. /.../4. Pay-offs and ProfiteeringThe ex tor tion of pay-offs and “gra tu ity” payments was a widely usedmeans of ac quir ing Jewish wealth. Peo ple, however loose their con tactwith of fices or or ga ni za tions deal ing with Jews or Jewish prop erty was,found themselves in a po si tion to make the best use of their sit u a tion forper sonal gain. Jews had to pay smaller or larger sums, amount ing as awhole to bil lions of lei, in or der to ob tain various ser vices. How ever, inmost cases they had to pay to pre vent, mit i gate or avoid suf fer ing. Moneywas taken from Jews by min is ters, se nior sec re tar ies, of fi cers of higher andlower ranks, court judges and mem bers of the ad min is tra tion, both se niorand ju nior. The amounts paid were ap pall ingly high. The sum asked forexemption from work for a cou ple of days could reach as high as 50,000 lei.Some times 200,000 lei was asked for permission to travel from one townto another; if some one wanted to move away because of their fear of bombat tacks, the amount of money required for per mis sion was oc ca sion ally setat one mil lion lei. For a book let, cer ti fy ing the hold ers’ exemption fromoblig a tory work, in most cases 500,000 lei was paid; the price for bringinghome fam i lies deported to Transnistria was some times as high as 5 mil lionlei.Later in Transnistria rubles were ex changed for Ger man marks(Reichskassenschein ); I mark for 60 rubles. In this way, if a Jewhad had 1 mil lion lei in sav ings on July 1, 1940, he re ceived25,000 rubles for it, and in July 1941 he was paid 25,000 lei for it,and for this amount he re ceived 600 rubles in Oc to ber 1941, andlater for the same amount he re ceived 10 RKKS marks, whichwas equal to the price of a loaf of bread.35
Page 1 and 2: Matatias Carp:Holocaust in RomaniaF
Page 3 and 4: ContentsPreface to the English Edit
Page 5 and 6: Preface to the EnglishEditionYou ha
Page 7 and 8: came here rather inclined to condon
Page 9: years and 7 months, plenty of time
Page 15 and 16: Foreword to the OriginalEditionMata
Page 17 and 18: li gious Com mu nities, and nei the
Page 19 and 20: Part 1. The Iron GuardThe History o
Page 21 and 22: summer of 1944. By September 1, 194
Page 23 and 24: to save their lives by es cap ing i
Page 25 and 26: An Outline of the Suffering ofRoman
Page 27 and 28: on the first day of the occupation
Page 29 and 30: From among the starving, exhausted
Page 31 and 32: Most of them, how ever, were killed
Page 33 and 34: On October 10, 1942, 80 children, 4
Page 35 and 36: wa ter brought in buck ets. How eve
Page 37: 2. Robbing EvacueesThe Jew ish cit
Page 41 and 42: IV. Expropriation ActsUn der provis
Page 43 and 44: -almost all the Jewish schools in t
Page 45 and 46: XII. Withdrawal of the Right to Wor
Page 47 and 48: (c) Crafts menThe cer tif i cates o
Page 49 and 50: also forced to bear fi nan cial sac
Page 51 and 52: Those Responsible for the Atrocitie
Page 53 and 54: 18. The ad min is tra tive apparatu
Page 55 and 56: sures in ar eas close to the front
Page 57 and 58: The Iron Guard GovernmentSeptember
Page 59 and 60: “I ensure Mr. Filderman that if h
Page 61 and 62: defends Jews—as their well-paid l
Page 63 and 64: these aliens be cause the gov ern m
Page 65 and 66: The Cap tain of the Met ro pol i ta
Page 67 and 68: Naturally, the activities of the Ir
Page 69 and 70: the legal formalities of the exprop
Page 71 and 72: From among the huge mass of lunatic
Page 73 and 74: forged to assist the final aim: Iro
Page 75 and 76: Handels Gremium zu Kronstadt ” al
Page 77 and 78: complaints prove justified, it is t
Page 79 and 80: His de ci sion was to be come fi na
Page 81 and 82: All quarters and all targets were a
Page 83 and 84: Part 2. The Pogrom in IasiHistorica
Page 85 and 86: of post ers in cit ing peo ple to k
Page 87 and 88: On the same night, on the initiativ
Page 89 and 90:
sued by Ion Antonescu on June 19 se
Page 91 and 92:
While the archives of the SSI re ma
Page 93 and 94:
ter. As a mat ter of fact, they wer
Page 95 and 96:
to Targu Jiu, women, chil dren and
Page 97 and 98:
immediately, the seriously in jured
Page 99 and 100:
June 26) Gen eral Leoveanu , the ex
Page 101 and 102:
The au thor i ties or der a Gendarm
Page 103 and 104:
forced on them by the beasts. Most
Page 105 and 106:
The ru mor that the Ger mans had oc
Page 107 and 108:
Col o nel Captaru (county head) wit
Page 109 and 110:
last chance. That night only 3 car
Page 111 and 112:
iages, while oth ers held as many a
Page 113 and 114:
sub urbs. The num ber of victims wa
Page 115 and 116:
cha otic event had been noth ing ot
Page 117 and 118:
Selected DocumentsPre sid ium of th
Page 119 and 120:
An nounce mentRe cently there have
Page 121 and 122:
5.The tes ti mony of Lieu ten ant-C
Page 123 and 124:
Antonescu a few days be fore the po
Page 125 and 126:
town. Grigore Petrovici had ev ery
Page 127 and 128:
I have been Dep uty Pres i dent of
Page 129 and 130:
As the lo cal Chief of Po lice at t
Page 131 and 132:
The of fi cers of the 6th Ri fle Re
Page 133 and 134:
15.From the tes ti mony of Lieu ten
Page 135 and 136:
corpses. Most of the women had cov
Page 137 and 138:
17.Iasi Central Po lice Sta tion Re
Page 139 and 140:
The Ger mans be gan to search the d
Page 141 and 142:
Lieu ten ant-Col o nel Al. Manoil m
Page 143 and 144:
The mood and dis po si tion of the
Page 145 and 146:
Vivoschi; Iosub Ghita ; Gheorghe Gr
Page 147 and 148:
Ac cord ing to pro vi sions of the
Page 149 and 150:
Part 3. TransnistriaHistorical Revi
Page 151 and 152:
later (April 10, 1882) by the great
Page 153 and 154:
The will of the Germans was the dir
Page 155 and 156:
press of Bucharest, did not meet wi
Page 157 and 158:
Ru ma nian pseudo-de moc racy, and
Page 159 and 160:
oth ers from be ing enacted, and ev
Page 161 and 162:
While Transnistria does not call to
Page 163 and 164:
The Massacres in Bessarabia,Bucovin
Page 165 and 166:
oaming the city center and the Jewi
Page 167 and 168:
east of a major ordered the carcass
Page 169:
ual and mass, are committed by Ro m
Page 172 and 173:
July 5, 1941Following an order give
Page 174 and 175:
night, the women were barbarically
Page 176 and 177:
July 8, 1941Romanian troops oc cu p
Page 178 and 179:
Moghilev . The consignment of 300 p
Page 180 and 181:
We can conclude that two months aft
Page 183 and 184:
suf fo ca tion—some times these w
Page 185 and 186:
July 8, 1941Col o nel Meculescu , C
Page 187 and 188:
August 2, 1941Bessarabian Jews, who
Page 189 and 190:
Note: Al though the com mand was en
Page 191 and 192:
October 31, 1941The de por ta tion
Page 193 and 194:
Deportations from Bucovina, Dorohoi
Page 195 and 196:
lived scattered in the town, are no
Page 197 and 198:
eing beaten with clubs and rifle bu
Page 199 and 200:
Murders in Odessa and in theCountie
Page 201 and 202:
Jews are allowed to live only in ce
Page 203 and 204:
January 17: 1,104January 18: 1,293J
Page 205 and 206:
Deportations in the Spring andAutum
Page 207 and 208:
June 28, 1942A new Black Sunday for
Page 209 and 210:
cause not only pain, but also fear.
Page 211 and 212:
The Minister of the Interior, Gener
Page 213 and 214:
Life and Death in TransnistriaThe C
Page 215 and 216:
onwards on foot towards Lucinet , C
Page 217 and 218:
January 5, 1942In Obadovca the pete
Page 219 and 220:
Both the number of patients and dea
Page 221 and 222:
winter, most of them fell victim to
Page 223 and 224:
March, 1943In Oc to ber 1943, Wilhe
Page 225 and 226:
longer beaten by officers and soldi
Page 227 and 228:
RepatriationThe Chronological Order
Page 229 and 230:
The committee proposed allowing the
Page 231 and 232:
The committee which had set off for
Page 233 and 234:
Selected DocumentsCir cu lar No.206
Page 235 and 236:
The lo cal au thor i ties may also
Page 237 and 238:
9.July 5, 1942, No.192The Office of
Page 239:
tions, I am sure that the most hor
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