Holocaust in Romania - Corvinus Library - Hungarian History

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were locked into the ghettos of Bersad , Obodovca , Tibulovca , Olgopol,Ustea , etc. They had to walk almost naked on the road sodden with thesticky mud of early winter. They suffered first from the greed and barbarityof their escorts. A great number were either murdered or died of cold,starvation or complete exhaustion. The corpses were not even buried, justleft on the meadows where dogs and ravens finished what humans hadstarted. Occasionally, risking execution, a mother dug out a handful of soilto bury a child who had died in her arms. When they arrived at theirdestination, the deportees could only find shelter in stables without doorsand windows (frequently next to cattle) or in pigsties, barns, etc. Onecould see the terrible picture of completely exhausted people leaningagainst the walls of stables; they did not talk, moan, eat or curse, theysimply waited in total senility until death forced them to collapse onto thefloor or another dead body. It was at this time, in the autumn of 1941 thatthe expression “ Totenwande ” (death walls) came into being throughoutTransnistria . This was the beginning of the ghettos at the bank of Bug.The authorities in Moghilev did not want to allow Jews to stay there,either. Here, however, due to a number of coincidences, a few of those whohad crossed the Dniester near Atachi had the opportunity to partly decidetheir own future. For others, however, this choice later turned out to befatal. Transnistria was entered here by Jews from Southern Bucovina ,and a number of Jews from Chernovitz and Dorohoi also crossed theDniester at this point. Some Jews were collected from their places of work,but others were rich people who were able to take their savings across theDniester , in spite of organized robberies. As a result, they had enoughmoney to buy a little goodwill. The first Jews deported from Suceava andCampulung bought transport vehicles and drove away, spreadingthemselves throughout the county. The first deportees continued theirjourney on German lorries. They paid 50-125,000 lei to the prefect, hisdeputy or the police superintendent, and became inhabitants of theghettos in Sargorod , Copaigorod , Djurin , Murafa , Smerinca , etc. Only afew of these lucky ones were able to continue by lorry.The poor people, who did not have enough money to pay the tremendousamount required for transportation, and those, who had money but couldnot find room on the lorries, started their journey on foot on the soddenroads in rain and snow. Their suffering was appalling, and for some alsofatal. A number of Jews, the first to arrive from Suceava , were forced210
onwards on foot towards Lucinet , Copaigorod and Bar, to thenorth-western part of Transnistria on a road which was more like a swampfrom one end to the other. At the point where this road crossed the mainMoghilev - Ozarinet road, 28 people were unable to pull their feet out ofthe mud. They sank even further in their attempts to free themselves. Noone was allowed to help them. Dr. Abraham Sapirer , a lawyer, objected towhat was being done to the Jews, and tried to assist them, but theGendarmes shot him dead. The marching columns passed by and could dono more than just watch them as they waited to die. All of them died. /.../There were similar cases on other roads to Transnistria . Several hundredJews drowned in swamps. /.../November 30, 1941The last marching columns from Chernovitz and Dorohoi crossed theDniester . The authorities acknowledged the deportation of 118,000people, half of whom crossed through Moghilev . Approx. 15,000 (25%)were able to stay in the town, but only one third of these received legalpermission to do so, and had to pay a large sum for this right. Under ordersfrom the County Head Office, existing permits were subject to validation,and no further permits were to be issued. /.. . /December 1, 1941Wherever Jewish deportees were accommodated, dysentery, typhoid feverand petechial typhus broke out on an epidemic scale. In Bershad there wasan epidemic of typhus before the arrival of the first deportees. In Sargorod ,the first cases of typhus appeared on October 16, a month after the firstdeportees arrived. At that time petechial typhus had not yet hit Moghilev ,but an increasing number of people were displaying symptoms of typhoidfever. /.../December 10, 1941Five months after hundreds of thousands of people had been hunted out oftheir homes, and two months after the actual start of the deportationcampaign, after tens of thousands of people had died of starvation and211
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Matatias Carp:Holocaust in RomaniaF
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ContentsPreface to the English Edit
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Preface to the EnglishEditionYou ha
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came here rather inclined to condon
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years and 7 months, plenty of time
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Foreword to the OriginalEditionMata
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li gious Com mu nities, and nei the
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Part 1. The Iron GuardThe History o
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summer of 1944. By September 1, 194
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to save their lives by es cap ing i
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An Outline of the Suffering ofRoman
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on the first day of the occupation
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From among the starving, exhausted
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Most of them, how ever, were killed
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On October 10, 1942, 80 children, 4
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wa ter brought in buck ets. How eve
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2. Robbing EvacueesThe Jew ish cit
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(c) Stealing aid sent to de port ee
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IV. Expropriation ActsUn der provis
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-almost all the Jewish schools in t
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XII. Withdrawal of the Right to Wor
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(c) Crafts menThe cer tif i cates o
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also forced to bear fi nan cial sac
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Those Responsible for the Atrocitie
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18. The ad min is tra tive apparatu
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sures in ar eas close to the front
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The Iron Guard GovernmentSeptember
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“I ensure Mr. Filderman that if h
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defends Jews—as their well-paid l
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these aliens be cause the gov ern m
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The Cap tain of the Met ro pol i ta
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Naturally, the activities of the Ir
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the legal formalities of the exprop
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From among the huge mass of lunatic
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forged to assist the final aim: Iro
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Handels Gremium zu Kronstadt ” al
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complaints prove justified, it is t
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His de ci sion was to be come fi na
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All quarters and all targets were a
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Part 2. The Pogrom in IasiHistorica
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of post ers in cit ing peo ple to k
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On the same night, on the initiativ
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sued by Ion Antonescu on June 19 se
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While the archives of the SSI re ma
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ter. As a mat ter of fact, they wer
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to Targu Jiu, women, chil dren and
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immediately, the seriously in jured
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June 26) Gen eral Leoveanu , the ex
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The au thor i ties or der a Gendarm
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forced on them by the beasts. Most
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The ru mor that the Ger mans had oc
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Col o nel Captaru (county head) wit
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last chance. That night only 3 car
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iages, while oth ers held as many a
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sub urbs. The num ber of victims wa
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cha otic event had been noth ing ot
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Selected DocumentsPre sid ium of th
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An nounce mentRe cently there have
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5.The tes ti mony of Lieu ten ant-C
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Antonescu a few days be fore the po
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town. Grigore Petrovici had ev ery
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I have been Dep uty Pres i dent of
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As the lo cal Chief of Po lice at t
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The of fi cers of the 6th Ri fle Re
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15.From the tes ti mony of Lieu ten
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corpses. Most of the women had cov
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17.Iasi Central Po lice Sta tion Re
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The Ger mans be gan to search the d
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Lieu ten ant-Col o nel Al. Manoil m
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The mood and dis po si tion of the
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Vivoschi; Iosub Ghita ; Gheorghe Gr
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Ac cord ing to pro vi sions of the
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Part 3. TransnistriaHistorical Revi
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later (April 10, 1882) by the great
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The will of the Germans was the dir
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press of Bucharest, did not meet wi
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Ru ma nian pseudo-de moc racy, and
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oth ers from be ing enacted, and ev
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While Transnistria does not call to
Page 163 and 164: The Massacres in Bessarabia,Bucovin
Page 165 and 166: oaming the city center and the Jewi
Page 167 and 168: east of a major ordered the carcass
Page 169: ual and mass, are committed by Ro m
Page 172 and 173: July 5, 1941Following an order give
Page 174 and 175: night, the women were barbarically
Page 176 and 177: July 8, 1941Romanian troops oc cu p
Page 178 and 179: Moghilev . The consignment of 300 p
Page 180 and 181: We can conclude that two months aft
Page 183 and 184: suf fo ca tion—some times these w
Page 185 and 186: July 8, 1941Col o nel Meculescu , C
Page 187 and 188: August 2, 1941Bessarabian Jews, who
Page 189 and 190: Note: Al though the com mand was en
Page 191 and 192: October 31, 1941The de por ta tion
Page 193 and 194: Deportations from Bucovina, Dorohoi
Page 195 and 196: lived scattered in the town, are no
Page 197 and 198: eing beaten with clubs and rifle bu
Page 199 and 200: Murders in Odessa and in theCountie
Page 201 and 202: Jews are allowed to live only in ce
Page 203 and 204: January 17: 1,104January 18: 1,293J
Page 205 and 206: Deportations in the Spring andAutum
Page 207 and 208: June 28, 1942A new Black Sunday for
Page 209 and 210: cause not only pain, but also fear.
Page 211 and 212: The Minister of the Interior, Gener
Page 213: Life and Death in TransnistriaThe C
Page 217 and 218: January 5, 1942In Obadovca the pete
Page 219 and 220: Both the number of patients and dea
Page 221 and 222: winter, most of them fell victim to
Page 223 and 224: March, 1943In Oc to ber 1943, Wilhe
Page 225 and 226: longer beaten by officers and soldi
Page 227 and 228: RepatriationThe Chronological Order
Page 229 and 230: The committee proposed allowing the
Page 231 and 232: The committee which had set off for
Page 233 and 234: Selected DocumentsCir cu lar No.206
Page 235 and 236: The lo cal au thor i ties may also
Page 237 and 238: 9.July 5, 1942, No.192The Office of
Page 239: tions, I am sure that the most hor
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