Notes to the financial statements(Expressed in millions of RMB, unless otherwise stated)63 Risk Management (continued)(1) Credit risk (continued)(b) Distribution of loans and advances to customers in terms of credit quality is analysed as follows(continued):BankWithin overdue but not impaired loans and advances and impaired loans and advances which are subject to individualassessment, the portion covered or not covered by collateral held are shown as follows:<strong>2012</strong>Overdue but not impairedloans and advancesImpaired loansand advanceswhich aresubject toindividualassessmentCorporate Personal CorporatePortion covered 860 10,215 12,081Portion not covered 955 3,375 56,371Total 1,815 13,590 68,4522011Overdue but not impairedloans and advancesImpaired loansand advanceswhich aresubject toindividualassessmentCorporate Personal CorporatePortion covered 45 11,766 17,605Portion not covered 122 2,276 47,885Total 167 14,042 65,490The above collateral includes land use rights, buildings and equipment, etc. The fair value of collateral was estimated bythe Group with reference to the latest available external valuations adjusted after taking into account the current realisationexperience as well as the market situation.China Construction Bank Corporation annual report <strong>2012</strong>173
Notes to the financial statements(Expressed in millions of RMB, unless otherwise stated)63 Risk Management (continued)(1) Credit risk (continued)(c) Loans and advances to customers analysed by economic sector concentrationsGroup<strong>2012</strong> 2011GrossloanbalancePercentageBalancesecured bycollateralGrossloanbalancePercentageBalancesecured bycollateralCorporate loans and advances– Manufacturing 1,314,545 17.50% 493,737 1,141,376 17.56% 393,347– Transportation, storage andpostal services 883,536 11.76% 358,998 765,763 11.79% 303,444– Production and supply ofelectric power, gas and water 615,635 8.20% 157,825 591,315 9.10% 145,490– Real estate 493,363 6.57% 422,272 465,899 7.17% 387,527– Leasing and commercial services 392,363 5.22% 178,234 386,588 5.95% 168,593– Wholesale and retail trade 399,601 5.32% 165,099 322,106 4.96% 113,374– Water, environment and publicutility management 235,762 3.14% 116,323 226,655 3.49% 100,239– Construction 222,951 2.97% 82,876 190,096 2.93% 66,963– Mining 208,738 2.78% 26,715 173,824 2.68% 26,793– Education 66,247 0.88% 25,182 85,069 1.31% 35,214– Telecommunications,computer services and software 33,811 0.45% 9,251 24,077 0.37% 7,271– Others 402,969 5.36% 135,018 300,148 4.62% 111,642Total corporate loans and advances 5,269,521 70.15% 2,171,530 4,672,916 71.93% 1,859,897Personal loans and advances 2,051,094 27.30% 1,813,968 1,705,622 26.25% 1,558,628Discounted bills 191,697 2.55% – 117,873 1.82% –Total loans and advances to customers 7,512,312 100.00% 3,985,498 6,496,411 100.00% 3,418,525Details of impaired loans, impairment allowances, charges, and amounts written off in respect of economic sectors whichconstitute 10% or more of total gross loans and advances to customers are as follows:<strong>2012</strong>GrossimpairedloansIndividuallyassessedimpairmentallowancesCollectivelyassessedimpairmentallowancesCharged toprofit or lossduring the yearWritten offduring the yearManufacturing 30,924 (19,696) (31,376) 12,917 2,725Transportation, storage and postal services 3,325 (2,383) (22,006) 2,791 772011GrossimpairedloansIndividuallyassessedimpairmentallowancesCollectivelyassessedimpairmentallowancesCharged toprofit or lossduring the yearWritten offduring the yearManufacturing 25,883 (15,167) (25,254) 5,750 1,748Transportation, storage and postal services 7,139 (3,636) (18,106) 6,371 28174 China Construction Bank Corporation annual report <strong>2012</strong>