Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International AS Level Biology 98 Early prophase cell surface Late prophase nuclear envelope ‘disappears’ membrane (it breaks up into small Early prophase vesicles which are not visible cytoplasm Late prophase cell surface with nuclear a light envelope microscope) ‘disappears’ membrane (it breaks up into small nucleolus nucleolus vesicles which ‘disappears’ are not visible Early prophase cytoplasm Late prophase (forms cell intact surface part with nuclear nuclear of a light several envelope microscope) chromosomes) ‘disappears’ membrane envelope (it breaks up into small nucleolus chromosomes nucleolus vesicles which ‘disappears’ are not visible cytoplasm are seen (forms to consist centromere with of part with two of a light identical several microscope) intact nuclear chromosomes) chromatids; centrosomes attached envelope each chromatid contains one DNA replicate nucleolus kinetochores centrosomes moving to molecule chromosomes nucleolus ‘disappears’ are seen (forms to consist just before chromosomes start to appear as the opposite ends of nucleus prophase centromere intact nuclear with where they form the centromereof part two of identical several chromosomes) chromatids; centrosomes chromatin coils up, becoming shorter attached envelope kinetochores each chromatid contains one DNA replicate and thicker; they are thick enough to poles centrosomes of the spindle moving to molecule become visible when stained chromosomes are seen to consist just before chromosomes start to appear as the At opposite the end ends of prophase of nucleus a spindle is formed (see below). prophase centromere with centromereof two identical chromatids; centrosomes chromatin coils up, becoming shorter where they form the attached kinetochores each chromatid contains one DNA replicate and thicker; they are thick enough to poles Metaphase centrosomes of the spindle moving to molecule just before become chromosomes visible start when to each stained appear centrosome as the reaches a pole; centrosomes help to organise At opposite the end ends of prophase of nucleus a spindle is formed (see below). prophase chromatin coils up, becoming shorter where they form the centromere and thicker; they are production thick enough of to the spindle poles of the spindle each chromosome Metaphase become visible when microtubules each stained centrosome reaches a pole; splits at the centromere centrosomes help to organise At the end of prophase a spindle is formed (see below). Metaphase production of the spindle microtubules each spindle centrosome (made from reaches a pole; each chromosome splits at the centromere centrosomes protein microtubules) help to organise production of the spindle each the chromatids chromosome microtubules chromosomes spindle (made line from up across splits start at to the be pulled centromere the protein equator microtubules) of the spindle; apart by microtubules they are attached by their the chromatids centromeres chromosomes to line the up spindle spindle (made from across start to be pulled the protein equator microtubules) of the spindle; apart by microtubules Anaphase they are attached by their Telophase nuclear envelope re-forming the chromatids centromeres chromosomes to line the up spindle nucleolus across start to be pulled chromatids have reached the poles of the equator of the spindle; re-forming apart by microtubules the spindle; they will now uncoil again Anaphase they are attached by their Telophase nuclear (each chromatid envelope contains re-forming one DNA centromeres to the spindle nucleolus molecule, chromatids which have will reached replicate the poles itself of remains re-forming of during the spindle; interphase they will before now the uncoil next again Anaphase spindle Telophase which nuclear division) (each chromatid envelope contains re-forming one DNA is breaking nucleolus molecule, chromatids which have will reached replicate the poles itself of down remains of during cytokinesis interphase – this before is division re-forming the spindle; they will now the uncoil next again spindle which division) of the cytoplasm and cell (each chromatid contains one DNA centrosome is breaking – into two by constriction molecule, which will replicate itself will down replicate from cytokinesis the edges – this of is the division cell remains of during interphase before the next during interphase, of the cytoplasm and cell chromatids move to opposite poles, spindle which division) before the next nuclear cell into surface two by membrane constriction centromeres first, pulled by the microtubules centrosome is breaking – division will replicate from cytokinesis the edges – this of is the division cell down during interphase, of the cytoplasm and cell chromatids move to opposite poles, before the next nuclear cell into surface two by membrane constriction centromeres first, pulled by the microtubules centrosome – division from the edges of the cell chromatids move to opposite poles, centromeres first, pulled by the microtubules will replicate during interphase, before the next nuclear division cell surface membrane Figure 5.7 Mitosis and cytokinesis in an animal cell.
Chapter 5: The mitotic cell cycle a Prophase. b Stage intermediate between prophase and metaphase. c Metaphase: the spindle fibres (microtubules) are now clearly visible, and the centrioles are located at opposite ends of the spindle in the centre of a star-shaped arrangement of radiating microtubules. 99 d Early anaphase. e Anaphase. f Telophase and cell division (cytokinesis). Figure 5.8 Stages of mitosis and cell division in an animal cell (whitefish) (× 900). Chromosomes are stained darkly.
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Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennif
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University Printing House, Cambridg
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Cambridge International AS Level an
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Cambridge International AS Level Bi
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Ultrastru
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Chapter 1: Cell structure The nucle
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Chapter 1: Cell structure respirati
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules A c
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules The
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Pro
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Glo
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules a b
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants Solu
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants a ph
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants End-
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants 9 Th
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Chapter 8: Transport in mammals 157
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Chapter 8: Transport in mammals Key
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Chapter 8: Transport in mammals Art
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Ver
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases QUE
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases End
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases 8 a
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Chapter 11: Immunity Smallpox was f
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Chapter 11: Immunity Phagocytes Pha
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Chapter 11: Immunity Some of these
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Chapter 11: Immunity variable regio
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Chapter 11: Immunity secrete cytoki
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Chapter 11: Immunity Concentration
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Chapter 11: Immunity Antigenic conc
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Chapter 11: Immunity Autoimmune dis
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Chapter 11: Immunity antigen inject
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Chapter 11: Immunity Summary ■■
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Chapter 11: Immunity 3 Which of the
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Chapter 11: Immunity 10 a Rearrange
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Chapter P1: Practical skills for AS
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The hypotha
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The structu
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The kidney
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Blood capil
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H 2 O H 2 O Na 5 Key part of the as
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis How ADH aff
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The control
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis A decrease
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis People with
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata sho
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata clo
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis End-of-chap
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis 8 An invest
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Chapter 15: Coordination 329 Learni
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Chapter 15: Coordination central ne
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Chapter 15: Coordination A reflex a
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Chapter 15: Coordination Action pot
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Chapter 15: Coordination What is di
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Chapter 15: Coordination in sense o
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Chapter 15: Coordination Synapses W
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Chapter 15: Coordination The depola
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Chapter 15: Coordination It is obvi
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Chapter 15: Coordination Structure
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Chapter 15: Coordination binding si
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Chapter 15: Coordination The menstr
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Chapter 15: Coordination The mornin
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Chapter 15: Coordination Auxins and
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Chapter 15: Coordination Summary
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Chapter 15: Coordination 3 Which of
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Chapter 15: Coordination 9 A biopsy
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Chapter 15: Coordination 12 Gibbere
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Katydi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Two ty
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Meiosi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Gameto
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Chapter 16: Inherited change a An o
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Chapter 16: Inherited change The ob
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Chapter 16: Inherited change It is
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Sex li
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Chapter 16: Inherited change The pl
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Phenot
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Chapter 16: Inherited change So now
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Chapter 16: Inherited change vision
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Chapter 16: Inherited change End-of
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Chapter 16: Inherited change 10 In
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Chapter 17: Selection and evolution
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Genetic variation, whether caused b
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Chapter 18: Biodiversity, classific
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Chapter P2: Planning, analysis and
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Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet cod
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Glossary artery a blood vessel that
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Glossary creatinine a nitrogenous e
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Glossary haemoglobin the red pigmen
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Glossary negative feedback a proces
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Glossary reaction centre a molecule
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Glossary transfer RNA (tRNA) a fold
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Index C3
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Index gluconeogenesis, 317 glucose,
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Index pacemaker, 177 palisade mesop
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Index tar, 190, 191, 193 taste buds
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Acknowledgements Meiosis” in Tuat
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Cambridge International AS and A Le
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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