Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology ■■ ■■ ■■ outline the use of PCR and DNA testing in forensic medicine and criminal investigations explain the significance of genetic engineering in improving the quality and yield of crop plants and livestock in solving the demand for food in the world discuss the ethical and social implications of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production. All of these additional topics are covered by the coursebook. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014
Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to self-assessment questions Answers to SAQs Chapter 1 1 Structures found in both animal and plant cells: ■■ nucleus with nucleolus and chromatin ■■ cytoplasm containing mitochondria, Golgi body and other small structures ■■ cell surface membrane. Structure found only in animal cells: ■■ centriole. Structures found only in plant cells: ■■ chloroplasts ■■ large, permanent central vacuole ■■ cell wall with middle lamella and plasmodesmata. 2 a Actual diameter = 20 µm (see caption) Diameter on diagram = 60 mm = 60 000 µm Magnification, M = size of image, I = actual size of specimen, A = 60 000 20 Therefore, magnification = × 3000 b Magnification = × 16 000 (see caption) Length on micrograph = 51 mm = 51 000 µm Size of specimen, A = size of image, I = magnification, M = 51 000 16 000 Therefore actual size of chloroplast = 3.19 µm 3 The resolution of a microscope is limited by the radiation used to view the specimen. Resolution equals half the wavelength of the radiation used. The shortest wavelength of light is 400 nm, therefore the resolution of a light microscope is 200 nm. The diameter of a ribosome is much smaller than this, namely 25 nm. 4 Detail seen with the electron microscope, but not apparent using a light microscope: ■■ in the nucleus, chromatin can be distinguished ■■ the nucleus is seen to be surrounded by a double membrane (envelope) with pores in it ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ mitochondria have a surrounding double membrane (envelope), the inner layer forming finger-like folds pointing inwards endoplasmic reticulum is extensive throughout the cell, some with ribosomes (rough) and some without (smooth) small structures seen under the light microscope can be distinguished by the electron microscope as lysosomes and vesicles free ribosomes are seen throughout the cell the centriole is seen to be two separate centrioles finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane, known as microvilli, are seen microtubules are visible in the cytoplasm. 5 Detail seen with the electron microscope, but not apparent using a light microscope: ■■ in the nucleus, chromatin can be distinguished ■■ the nuclear membrane can be seen as a double structure (envelope), continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and with pores in it ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ there is extensive rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell free ribosomes in the cytoplasm microtubules are visible in the cytoplasm the mitochondria have a double membrane (envelope), the inner layer having folds into the matrix chloroplasts have a double outer membrane (envelope) grana can be seen in the chloroplast, as stacks of sacs connected to other grana by longer sacs (thylakoids). 6 Cell surface membrane: essential because it forms a partially permeable barrier between the cell and its environment, regulating movement of materials into and out of the cell. This is necessary to maintain an environment inside the cell which is different from that outside the cell. Cytoplasm: site of metabolic activity; contains biochemicals in solution. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014
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Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennif
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University Printing House, Cambridg
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Cambridge International AS Level an
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Cambridge International AS Level Bi
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Ultrastru
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Chapter 1: Cell structure The nucle
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Chapter 1: Cell structure respirati
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules A c
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules The
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Pro
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Glo
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules a b
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Hig
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules ■
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules 7 T
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 3
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Mammals such as
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Chapter 3: Enzymes QUESTION 3.2 Why
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Enzyme inhibitor
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Chapter 3: Enzymes results to plot
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Chapter 3: Enzymes BOX 3.2: Immobil
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Chapter 3: Enzymes 2 In a reaction
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Chapter 3: Enzymes b c The molecule
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Chapter 3: Enzymes no inhibitor inh
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 5
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Chapter 5: The mitotic cell cycle T
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants a b
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants Siev
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants Solu
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants a ph
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants End-
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Chapter 7: Transport in plants 9 Th
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Chapter 8: Transport in mammals 157
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Chapter 8: Transport in mammals Key
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Ver
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases QUE
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases End
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases 8 a
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Chapter 11: Immunity Smallpox was f
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Chapter 11: Immunity Phagocytes Pha
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Chapter 11: Immunity Some of these
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Chapter 11: Immunity variable regio
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Chapter 11: Immunity secrete cytoki
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Chapter 11: Immunity Concentration
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Chapter 11: Immunity Antigenic conc
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Chapter 11: Immunity Autoimmune dis
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Chapter 11: Immunity antigen inject
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Chapter 11: Immunity Summary ■■
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Chapter 11: Immunity 3 Which of the
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Chapter 11: Immunity 10 a Rearrange
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Chapter P1: Practical skills for AS
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Cambridge International A Level Bio
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The hypotha
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The structu
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The kidney
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Blood capil
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H 2 O H 2 O Na 5 Key part of the as
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis How ADH aff
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The control
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis A decrease
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis People with
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata sho
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis End-of-chap
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis 8 An invest
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Chapter 15: Coordination 329 Learni
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Chapter 15: Coordination central ne
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Chapter 15: Coordination A reflex a
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Chapter 15: Coordination Action pot
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Chapter 15: Coordination What is di
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Chapter 15: Coordination Synapses W
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Chapter 15: Coordination Structure
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Chapter 15: Coordination binding si
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Chapter 15: Coordination The mornin
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Chapter 15: Coordination Summary
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Chapter 15: Coordination 3 Which of
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Chapter 15: Coordination 9 A biopsy
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Chapter 15: Coordination 12 Gibbere
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Katydi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Meiosi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Gameto
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Chapter 16: Inherited change The ob
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Sex li
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Phenot
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Chapter 16: Inherited change So now
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Chapter 16: Inherited change vision
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Chapter 16: Inherited change End-of
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Chapter 16: Inherited change 10 In
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Chapter 17: Selection and evolution
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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