Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

Recommendations

Info

Cambridge International A Level Biology Index 526 α-helix, 40 A band, 346 abiotic factors, 402 abscisic acid (ABA), 323, 354 absorption spectrum, 295 accessory pigments, 288, 295 accuracy of measurements, 254 acetylcholine, 237, 341 acetylcholinesterase, 342 acid rain, 443 acrosome, 16 actin, 346, 347 action potentials, 333, 335–40 action spectrum, 295 activation energy, 56–7, 269 active immunity, 232–3 active loading, 149 active transport, 86–7, 88, 271–2 adenine, 112, 113 adenosine, 113 adenosine deaminase (ADA), 476, 478 adhesion, 143 ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 17, 31, 87, 270 adrenaline, 193, 303, 318 aerenchyma, 281 afferent arteriole, 306 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 200, 205–9 alchemists, 94 albinism, 388–9 alcoholic fermentation, 277 alcohols, 37 aleurone layer, 356 alien species, 451–2 all-or-nothing law, 340 alleles, 118, 366, 367, 374, 378 allopatric speciation, 414 allopolyploids, 415 altitude sickness, 172 alveoli, 186, 189–90 amino acids, 39, 416, 512 ammonia, 287, 304 amniocentesis, 476–7 AMP (adenosine monophosphate), 270 amylase, 356, 391 amylopectin, 33 amylose, 33 anaerobic respiration, 277–8 anaphase, 97 animal cells characteristic features, 440 compared to plant cells, 5–6 osmosis in, 84 ultrastructure, 13–19 Animalia, 440 anole lizards, 417 Anopheles mosquito, 202 antibiotic resistance, 214–16, 405–6 antibiotics, 213–16 antibodies, 168, 224, 228–9 monoclonal, 238–40 anticodons, 119 antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 311, 312–14 antigen presentation, 230 antigenic drift, 234 antigenic shift, 234 antigens, 77, 224 antitoxins, 229, 232 antiviral drugs, 214 aorta, 159, 173 aphids, 148 apoplastic pathway, 141, 144 apparatus, 491–2 Archaea, 436, 437 arteries, 160, 161–2 arterioles, 162 artesunate, 204 artificial active immunity, 232 artificial heart, 158 artificial insemination, 448 artificial passive immunity, 232 artificial selection, 409–12 asexual reproduction, 101 assimilates, 146 assisted reproduction, 448 Atlantic salmon, 484 ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 17, 31, 86, 113, 270–2, 349 ATP synthase, 270–1, 274, 276 atrial systole, 175 atrioventricular node (AVN), 177 atrioventricular valves, 175 atrium, 174 autoimmune diseases, 237–8 autolysins, 213 autopolyploid, 415 autosomal linkage, 383–4 autosomes, 366, 378 autotrophs, 268, 287 auxins, 354, 355 axons, 331–2 β-galactosidase, 390 β-glucuronidase, 468 β-lactamase, 214 β-pleated sheet, 40 B-lymphocytes (B cells), 226–8 bacteria, 389, 390, 436, 466 bar charts, 258 barley seed, 356 basal bodies, 19 BCG vaccine, 212 belt transect, 431 Benedict’s test, 32 best-fit line, 257 bicuspid valve, 175 binomial system, 424 biodiversity, 426–30, 441–5 bioinformatics, 474–5 biological drawings, 129, 262 bioreactors, 287 biosensors, 319–20 biotic factors, 402 birth control, 351–3, 448 biuret reagent, 44 black bears, 300 BLAST, 475 blood, 166–8 blood glucose, 315–19 blood groups, 378 blood plasma, 164 blood pressure, 161, 162, 163 blood tests, 231 blood vessels, 159, 160–3 blubber, 38 body temperature, 269, 300, 302–3 Bohr effect, 170 Bombadier beetle, 54 bone marrow stem cells, 232 botanic gardens, 449–50 Bowman’s capsule, 306, 307 Braun–Blanquet scale, 429 bronchi, 187–9 bronchioles, 187–9 bronchitis, 191 Bt toxin, 482 budding, 101 buffer solutions, 60, 253 building blocks of life, 28–9 bulk transport, 87 bundle sheath cells, 293, 294 Burmese pythons, 451 bush elephants, 442
Chapter 1: Cell structure Index C3 plants, 293 C4 plants, 293–4 calcium ion voltage-gated channels, 341 callose, 148 calorimeter, 278 Calvin cycle, 20, 290 cancer, 103–5, 193, 240, 474 cane toad, 451 capillaries, 160, 162 capsid, 21 capsomere, 21 carbaminohaemoglobin, 170 carbapen-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, 216 carbohydrates, 29–36 carbon, 28, 268 carbon dioxide, 127, 169, 170–1, 304 carbon monoxide, 171, 193–4 carbonic anhydrase, 62, 170 carboxyhaemoglobin, 171, 193 carboxyl group, 36 carcinogens, 105, 190 cardiac cycle, 175–7 cardiac muscle, 173, 177, 344 cardiovascular diseases, 194 cardiovascular system, 158–60 carotenoids, 295–6 carrier proteins, 77, 82, 86 carriers, 200 cartilage, 187 casein, 247 Casparian strip, 144 catalase, 55–6 categoric variables, 494 cattle breeding, 409–10 cell biology, 3 cell counts, 251–2 cell cycle, 97 cell division, 97 cell fusion, 239 cell membranes structure, 74–7 transport across, 79–88 cell signalling, 77–9 cell structure, 1–23 cell surface antigens, 224 cell surface membrane, 3, 5, 6, 17 cell theory, 2 cell ultrastructure, 13–20 cell wall, 5, 6 cellulose, 5, 34–5 central control, 301 central nervous system (CNS), 330 centrioles, 5, 18–19, 100 centromeres, 95, 96, 100 centrosomes, 18, 100 cereal crops, 410–12 CFTR, 478–9 channel proteins, 77, 82 cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 446 chemiosmosis, 270, 274 chemoautotrophs, 287 chemoreceptors, 339 chi-squared (χ 2 ) test, 386–7, 501, 505 chiasmata, 384 chlorophyll, 6, 295–6 chloroplasts, 6, 17, 19–20, 290–1 chloroquine, 204 cholera, 200–2, 235 choleragen, 201 cholesterol, 76 cholinergic synapses, 341–3 chorionic villus sampling, 477 chromatids, 95 chromatin, 5, 15, 95–6 chromosome mutations, 387 chromosomes, 15, 94–6, 365–7 chronic bronchitis, 191 chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), 191–2 chymosin, 247 CITES, 452 classification, 435–41 climate change, 443 clonal expansion, 226 clonal selection, 226 cloning, 101, 449 coconut palms, 450 codominant alleles, 376, 377 codons, 119 coenzyme A, 273 coevolution, 398 cohesion, 143 collagen, 43, 44 collecting duct, 306, 310–11 collenchyma, 132 colorimeter, 250 colostrum, 233 colour changes and intensities, 250 colour standards, 250 combined oral contraceptive, 352 common cold, 228, 234 community, 425 companion cells, 146, 147 compartmentalisation, 5 competitive inhibition, 61 complementary base pairing, 113 concentration gradient, 79 conclusions, 259, 506 condensation, 31–2 conservation, 418, 448, 452–3 contact tracing, 208, 212 continuous variables, 258, 494 continuous variation, 399–400 contraception, 351, 448 control experiments, 494 controlled variables, 248, 492, 494 controls, 254 coordination, 329–58 coral reefs, 443 cord grass (Spartina), 415–16 core temperature, 302 coronary arteries, 174 coronary heart disease (CHD), 194 corpus luteum, 351 corrective actions, 301 correlation, 433–5 cortex, 132 cotton, 481 counter-current multiplier, 311 covalent bond, 35 creatine, 304 creatine phosphate, 304, 349 creatinine, 304, 310 Crick, Francis, 113 Crispr, 463 cristae, 16, 17, 276 cross over value, 384 crossing over, 368, 384 culling, 448 cuticle, 131 cyclic AMP, 317 cyclic photophosphorylation, 288 cystic fibrosis, 82, 478–9 cytochrome c, 416 cytokines, 230 cytokinesis, 97 cytology, 3 cytoplasm, 5 cytosine, 112, 113 Darwin–Wallace theory, 412–13 deamination, 304 deep vein thrombosis, 239 deforestation, 441–2 DELLA protein, 356, 391 dendrites, 331 deoxyribose, 31, 112 dependent variables, 247, 249, 494 depolarisation, 335 describing data, 259 designer babies, 476 diabetes, 238, 318–19 dicotyledons, 128 diffusion, 79–81, 82 dihybrid crosses, 380–1 dip sticks, 319 dipeptide, 40 diploid cells, 367, 368 dipoles, 35–6 directional selection, 404 527
Page 1:
Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennif
Page 4 and 5:
University Printing House, Cambridg
Page 6 and 7:
Cambridge International AS Level an
Page 8 and 9:
Cambridge International AS Level Bi
Page 10 and 11:
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter 1: Cell structure Ultrastru
Page 25 and 26:
Chapter 1: Cell structure The nucle
Page 27:
Chapter 1: Cell structure respirati
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42:
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules A c
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules The
Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules Pro
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules Glo
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules a b
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules Hig
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules ■
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 2: Biological molecules 7 T
Page 63:
Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 3
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 3: Enzymes Mammals such as
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3: Enzymes QUESTION 3.2 Why
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3: Enzymes Enzyme inhibitor
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 3: Enzymes results to plot
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 3: Enzymes BOX 3.2: Immobil
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 3: Enzymes 2 In a reaction
Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 3: Enzymes b c The molecule
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 3: Enzymes no inhibitor inh
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4: Cell membranes and trans
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 5
Page 105:
Chapter 5: The mitotic cell cycle T
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants a b
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants Siev
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants Solu
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants a ph
Page 163 and 164:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants End-
Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 7: Transport in plants 9 Th
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 8: Transport in mammals 157
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 8: Transport in mammals Key
Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 8: Transport in mammals Art
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222:
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Ver
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases QUE
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases End
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases 8 a
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 11: Immunity Smallpox was f
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 11: Immunity Phagocytes Pha
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 11: Immunity Some of these
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 11: Immunity variable regio
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 11: Immunity secrete cytoki
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 11: Immunity Concentration
Page 245 and 246:
Chapter 11: Immunity Antigenic conc
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 11: Immunity Autoimmune dis
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 11: Immunity antigen inject
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 11: Immunity Summary ■■
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 11: Immunity 3 Which of the
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 11: Immunity 10 a Rearrange
Page 257:
Chapter P1: Practical skills for AS
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Cambridge International A Level Bio
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 313 and 314:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis The hypotha
Page 315 and 316:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis The structu
Page 317 and 318:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis The kidney
Page 319 and 320:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis Blood capil
Page 321 and 322:
H 2 O H 2 O Na 5 Key part of the as
Page 323 and 324:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis How ADH aff
Page 325 and 326:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis The control
Page 327 and 328:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis A decrease
Page 329 and 330:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis People with
Page 331 and 332:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata sho
Page 333 and 334:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata clo
Page 335 and 336:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis End-of-chap
Page 337 and 338:
Chapter 14: Homeostasis 8 An invest
Page 339 and 340:
Chapter 15: Coordination 329 Learni
Page 341 and 342:
Chapter 15: Coordination central ne
Page 343 and 344:
Chapter 15: Coordination A reflex a
Page 345 and 346:
Chapter 15: Coordination Action pot
Page 347 and 348:
Chapter 15: Coordination What is di
Page 349 and 350:
Chapter 15: Coordination in sense o
Page 351 and 352:
Chapter 15: Coordination Synapses W
Page 353 and 354:
Chapter 15: Coordination The depola
Page 355 and 356:
Chapter 15: Coordination It is obvi
Page 357 and 358:
Chapter 15: Coordination Structure
Page 359 and 360:
Chapter 15: Coordination binding si
Page 361 and 362:
Chapter 15: Coordination The menstr
Page 363 and 364:
Chapter 15: Coordination The mornin
Page 365 and 366:
Chapter 15: Coordination Auxins and
Page 367 and 368:
Chapter 15: Coordination Summary
Page 369 and 370:
Chapter 15: Coordination 3 Which of
Page 371 and 372:
Chapter 15: Coordination 9 A biopsy
Page 373 and 374:
Chapter 15: Coordination 12 Gibbere
Page 375 and 376:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Katydi
Page 377 and 378:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Two ty
Page 379 and 380:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Meiosi
Page 381 and 382:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Gameto
Page 383 and 384:
Chapter 16: Inherited change a An o
Page 385 and 386:
Chapter 16: Inherited change The ob
Page 387 and 388:
Chapter 16: Inherited change It is
Page 389 and 390:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Sex li
Page 391 and 392:
Chapter 16: Inherited change The pl
Page 393 and 394:
Chapter 16: Inherited change of 9 :
Page 395 and 396:
Chapter 16: Inherited change Phenot
Page 397 and 398:
Chapter 16: Inherited change So now
Page 399:
Chapter 16: Inherited change vision
Page 403 and 404:
Chapter 16: Inherited change End-of
Page 405 and 406:
Chapter 16: Inherited change 10 In
Page 407 and 408:
Chapter 17: Selection and evolution
Page 409 and 410:
Genetic variation, whether caused b
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Chapter 18: Biodiversity, classific
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487: Cambridge International A Level Bio
Page 521 and 522: Chapter P2: Planning, analysis and
Page 523 and 524: Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet cod
Page 525 and 526: Glossary artery a blood vessel that
Page 527 and 528: Glossary creatinine a nitrogenous e
Page 529 and 530: Glossary haemoglobin the red pigmen
Page 531 and 532: Glossary negative feedback a proces
Page 533 and 534: Glossary reaction centre a molecule
Page 535: Glossary transfer RNA (tRNA) a fold
Page 539 and 540: Index gluconeogenesis, 317 glucose,
Page 541 and 542: Index pacemaker, 177 palisade mesop
Page 543 and 544: Index tar, 190, 191, 193 taste buds
Page 545: Acknowledgements Meiosis” in Tuat
Page 548 and 549: Cambridge International AS and A Le
Page 568 and 569: Cambridge International AS Level Bi
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Page 656 and 657:
Page 658 and 659:
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
Page 664 and 665:
Page 666 and 667:
Page 668 and 669:
Page 670 and 671:
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Page 680 and 681:
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
Page 686 and 687:
Page 688 and 689:
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
Page 696:
show all

Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?