Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International AS Level Biology 198 Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Learning outcomes You should be able to: ■■ explain what is meant by infectious and noninfectious diseases ■■ ■■ ■■ name the organisms that cause some infectious diseases explain how cholera, measles, malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS are transmitted discuss the ways in which biological, social and economic factors influence the prevention and control of cholera, measles, malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ discuss the factors that influence global patterns of malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics discuss the consequences of antibiotic resistance and how we can reduce its impact
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Roll Back Malaria Malaria is one of the most serious of all human diseases. It is endemic in about 100 countries in Latin America, Africa and South-East Asia. An infectious disease is endemic in a country if it is maintained there by transmission between people and does not occur by being brought into the country by travellers. The burden of malaria is felt most in countries in Africa: 47% of all deaths from malaria occur in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. If we are to lift the burden of malaria, then we have to outsmart this disease. Many international organisations are cooperating with African governments to reduce the number of cases of malaria. For example, Roll Back Malaria is a global partnership working to implement coordinated action against malaria. Laboratory research using modern genetic methods plays an important part, but the success of new initiatives in the Roll Back Malaria campaign can only be evaluated by tracking cases of the disease and collecting accurate data. Technology is helping here too in pinpointing accurately where cases occur (Figure 10.1). Find out more by searching online for ‘roll back malaria’. Knowing when and where outbreaks occur provides key data in the fight against infectious diseases. When an outbreak of malaria occurs, the local population can be warned to take appropriate precautions to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. These include sleeping under bed nets and draining any bodies of water that female mosquitoes might use to lay their eggs. The local area can be sprayed to kill any mosquitoes. By tracking when and where malaria outbreaks occur, health agencies can direct their resources to control the spread of the disease and limit its effects on local populations. Figure 10.1 Modern technology in the fight against malaria: these health workers in Kenya are using GPS to record accurate locations where there are outbreaks of malaria. 199 Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by organisms known as pathogens. They are sometimes called communicable diseases as they are passed from infected to uninfected people. Some also affect animals and are passed from animals to humans. In Chapter 9, we considered non-infectious diseases of the gas exchange and cardiovascular systems, such as lung cancer and COPD. These are long-term degenerative diseases. They are non-infectious diseases, as they are not caused by pathogens. Inherited or genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia, are another group of non-infectious diseases. There are other categories of noninfectious disease, including deficiency diseases that are caused by malnutrition and mental diseases. The word ‘disease’ implies something very serious, yet many conditions that make us feel ill, such as the common cold, are not as harmful to health as the diseases discussed in this chapter. ‘Disease’ is a difficult word to define satisfactorily as it covers a wide range of human conditions. A working definition is given below. A disease is an illness or disorder of the body or mind that leads to poor health; each disease is associated with a set of signs and symptoms. As you read this chapter and Chapter 11, you can think of ways to improve this definition. QUESTION 10.1 Use Chapter 9 and this chapter to name: a two infectious diseases and two non-infectious diseases of the gas exchange system b two non-infectious diseases of the cardiovascular system.
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Acknowledgements Meiosis” in Tuat
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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