Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

Cambridge International A AS Level and A Biology Level Biology
528
disaccharides, 31–2
discontinuous variables, 258
discontinuous variation, 399–400
discrete variables, 494
discussion, 506
disease, 199
autoimmune, 237–8
defence against, 223–4
incidence of, 200
infectious, 198–218
non-infectious, 199
prevalence of, 200
disruptive selection, 404
dissociation curve, 168
distal convoluted tubule, 306, 311
disulfide bonds, 42
division of labour, 5
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 5, 95
electrophoresis, 470–1
mitochondrial (mtDNA), 416–17
protein synthesis, 118, 119–22
recombinant (rDNA), 463, 466
replication, 113–18
semi-conservative replication, 113,
117
structure, 111–13
triplet codes, 118–19, 513
DNA ligase, 466
domains, 435–8
dominant alleles, 376, 377
dopamine, 193, 341
dormancy, 356
double circulation, 160
double helix, 113
double reciprocal plot, 62–3
doxycycline, 204
drawings, 129, 262
ecosystems, 425
ectotherms, 269
Eden Project, 454
effector, 30
efferent arteriole, 306
elastin, 191–2
electrocardiograms (ECGs), 178
electrochemical gradient, 322, 334
electromagnetic spectrum, 10–11
electron micrograph, 10
electron microscope, 3, 10, 11–12
electron transport chain, 273–5
electrophoresis, 469–71
elephants, 442
embryo sac, 372
embryo transfer, 448
emphysema, 191–2
emulsion test, 38
end-product inhibition, 61–2
endangered species, 445–50
endemic diseases, 200
endocrine glands, 349
endocytosis, 77, 87, 88
endodermis, 132, 144
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 15
endosperm, 356
endosymbiont theory, 17
endothelium, 161, 307
endotherms, 269
energy, 268–9, 270, 287–8
energy density, 278–9
Ensembl, 475
enzymes, 53–66
activation energy, 56–7
active site, 54
affinities, 62–4
enzyme–product complex, 55
enzyme–substrate complex, 54
factors affecting action, 57–62
immobilised, 64
induced fit hypothesis, 55
inhibition of, 61–2
intracellular and extracellular, 54
lock and key hypothesis, 54–5
mode of action, 54–7
pH and, 60
substrates, 54, 59
temperature and, 59–60
turnover rate, 62
V max
, 59, 62, 64
epidemics, 200
epidermal impressions, 137
epidermal peels, 137
epidermis, 131, 145
epithelium, 161
error bars, 499
error sources, 255, 261
erythrocytes, 166–7
Escherichia coli, 111, 118, 390
ester, 37
ester bond, 37
ethylene glycol, 61
euchromatin, 96
Eukarya, 436, 437
eukaryotes, 21, 22, 391
evaluation, 504–5
evolution, 404–9, 412–13
excretion, 304
exercise, 278
exocytosis, 87, 88
expansins, 355
experiments, 247
planning of, 491–5
extinctions, 417–18
extrinsic proteins, 76
eyepiece graticule, 7
F1 and F2 generations, 377
facilitated diffusion, 82
factor VIII, 379, 476
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), 275
fat stores, 38
fatty acids, 36–7
fibres, 34–5, 44
fibrillation, 178
fibrils, 44
fibrous proteins, 43, 44
fingerprinting, 470–1
fitness, 403
fluid mosaic model, 74–6
follicle stimulating hormone, 351
founder effect, 408
Franklin, Rosalind, 113
frequency diagram, 258
frozen zoo, 448
fungi, 438
G proteins, 78
G 1
and G 2
phases, 97
Galapagos Islands, 446
gametes, 94, 371
gametogenesis, 371–2
gas exchange, 186–90
gel electrophoresis, 469–71
gene mutations, 387–9, 398
gene technology, 462–86
gene therapy, 477–80
genes, 15, 95, 118, 119, 366, 367, 374,
375–7
genetic diagrams, 376
genetic diversity, 426
genetic drift, 408
genetic engineering, 463–75
genetic profiling (fingerprinting), 470–1
genetic screening, 476–7
genetic variation, 367, 398–9
genetically modified organism, 463,
480–5
genetics, 368, 374
genotype, 374–5
geographical isolation, 414
germ cell gene therapy, 480
GFP (green fluorescent protein), 468
giant panda, 447
gibberellins, 354, 355–6, 391
glands, 349
glasshouse crops, 292
global warming, 443
globin, 43
globular glycoproteins, 228
globular proteins, 43
glomerular filtration rate, 308
glomerulus, 306, 307
glucagon, 315, 317