Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

Cambridge International A AS Level and A Biology Level Biology
532
red lion fish (Pterois volitans), 451–2
Red List of threatened species, 417
redox reactions, 288
reducing sugars, 32
reflex action, 333
reflex arc, 333
refractory period, 336
relay neurones, 331, 332
reliability of measurements, 255
renal artery, 305
renal vein, 305
rennin, 247
repolarisation, 335
reproductive isolation, 413–14
resolution, 10
respiration, 272–5, 277–8
respiratory quotient (RQ), 279
respiratory substrates, 278–9
respirometer, 280
resting potential, 333–4
restriction enzymes, 464–5
results
calculations, 259–60
describing, 259
explaining, 261
recording and displaying, 255–8,
495
tables, 255–6
reverse transcriptase, 208, 466
rheumatoid arthritis, 238, 240
ribonuclease, 40
ribose, 31, 112
ribosomes, 15, 17, 20, 40
ribulose biphosphate, 290
ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
(rubisco), 290, 293
rice
adaptations for wet environments,
281
selective breeding, 411, 444
vitamin A enhanced, 482–3
ring structures, 30
risk assessment, 495
rituximab, 240
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 111–13, 513
messenger (mRNA), 119
transfer (tRNA), 119
root hairs, 131, 145
root pressure, 143
roots, 128–34
rough endoplasmic reticulum, 15
rubber, 29
S phase, 97
saltatory conduction, 337
samples, 428
sap, 148, 152
sarcolemma, 345
sarcomere, 346
sarcoplasm, 345, 346
sarcoplasmic reticulum, 345–6
scanning electron microscope (SEM),
11
Schwann cells, 332
sclerenchyma, 132, 133, 134, 141
sea otters (Enhydra lutrisi), 442
second messenger molecules, 78
secondary growths, 105
secondary response, 228
secondary spermatocytes, 371
secretion, 15, 349
seed banks, 449–50
seed germination, 356
selection pressure, 404
selective breeding, 409–11
selective reabsorption, 307, 308–11
self, 224
semi-conservative replication, 113, 117
semilunar valves, 163
sensory neurones, 331, 332
septum, 174
set point, 301
severe combined immunodeficiency
disease (SCID), 476, 478
sex chromosomes, 366, 378
sex inheritance, 378
sex linkage, 379
sex-linked genes, 379
sexual reproduction, 367
SI units, 6
sickle cell anaemia, 43, 119, 374–6, 388,
407–8, 470
sickle cell trait, 374
sieve elements, 134, 146, 147
sieve plates, 147
sieve tubes, 147, 148, 151–2
signalling cascade, 78
signalling receptors, 77
signs and symptoms, 191
silent mutations, 388
Simpson’s Index of Diversity, 430–1
sink, 149
sinoatrial node (SAN), 177
skin temperature, 303
sleeping sickness, 234
slide preparation, 9
smallpox, 223, 235–6
smoking, 171, 190–4
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 15
smooth muscle, 344
sodium–potassium (Na + –K + ) pump,
86–7, 271–2, 333, 336
solute potential, 83
solution, 82
somatic cells, 398, 480
sorghum, 293
source, 149
Spearman’s rank correlation, 433–4,
503–4, 505
speciation, 413–16
species, 413–16, 424, 435
species density, 428
species diversity (richness), 426, 427–9
species frequency, 428
sperm banks, 448
spermatogenesis, 371
spindle fibres, 100
spongy mesophyll, 132
stabilising selection, 404
stage micrometer scale, 7
standard deviation, 497–8
standard error, 499
standardised variables, 248, 261
starch, 33–4
stem cells, 103, 232
stems, 128–34
steroid hormones, 349, 351
sticky ends, 464
stimuli, 301
stomata, 131, 135, 320–3
striated muscle, 344, 345–6
stroke, 194
stroma, 290
structural formula, 30
subclavian veins, 165
suberin, 144
substrate, 54, 59
sucrose, 31, 150
sugars, 29
testing for the presence of, 32
surrogate mothers, 448
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 450
sympatric speciation, 414–16
symplastic pathway, 141, 144
symptoms, 191
synapses, 341–4
synaptic cleft, 341
syncytium, 345
systematic errors, 261
systematic sampling, 431
systemic circulation, 159
T cell receptors, 230
T-lymphocytes (T cells), 226, 230–1
t-test, 500–1, 505
T-tubules, 345
Taq polymerase, 444, 473