Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

Cambridge International A AS Level and A Biology Level Biology
530
lung cancer, 193
lung diseases, 190–3
lungs, 186
luteinising hormone, 351
lymph, 165
lymph nodes, 165
lymphatics, 164–5
lymphocytes, 168, 226–31
lysosomes, 16
lysozyme, 56
M line, 346
M phase, 97
macromolecules, 29, 111
macrophages, 189, 225
magnification, 6–9, 10
maize, 401, 412, 481, 482
malaria, 199, 200, 202–5, 234, 407–8
malignant tumours, 105
maltose, 31
mammalian transport, 157–79
mangrove forests, 453
Margulis, Lynn, 2
mark–release–recapture, 430
mass extinctions, 417–18
mass flow, 143, 146, 149–50
matrix, 16
mean, 259, 495
measles, 200, 236
measurements, 6, 247–55, 261
median, 495
mefloquine, 204
meiosis, 367, 368–73
melanin, 388, 389
memory, 344
memory cells, 227
menstrual cycle, 350–1
mesophyll, 132, 293–4
messenger RNA (mRNA), 119
metabolism, 28
metaphase, 97
metastasis, 105
methionine, 15
micelles, 73, 247
Michaelis–Menten constant (K m
), 63, 64
microarrays, 473–4
microfibrils, 34
micropinocytosis, 87
microscopy, 3
electron microscope, 3, 10, 11–12
light microscope, 3, 10
microtubule organising centres, 18, 19,
100
microtubules, 17–18, 100
microvilli, 17
Millennium Seed Bank, 449
Mimosa, 353
mineral ion transport, 146
mitochondria, 5, 16–17, 276
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 416–17
Mitochondrial Eve, 416
mitosis, 97–102, 367
mitral valve, 175
mockingbirds, 424
mode (modal class), 495
molecular biology, 28
molecular clock hypothesis, 416
molecular formula, 30
mongoose, (Herpestes auropunctatus),
451
monoclonal antibodies, 238–40
monocotyledons, 128
monocytes, 167, 225
monohybrid crosses, 380
monomers, 29
monosaccharides, 29–31
monounsaturated fatty acids, 37
morning-after pill, 353
mortality, 200
motor end plate, 343
motor neurones, 331–2
MRSA (methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus), 215–16
mucin, 189
mucus, 189
multiple alleles, 378
multiple resistance, 215
multiple sclerosis, 238
multipotent stem cells, 103
muscle contraction, 344–9
mutagen, 387
mutations, 105, 118, 119, 367, 387–9,
398
mutualism, 146
myasthenia gravis, 237–8
Mycobacterium bovis, 209
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 209
mycorrhizas, 145–6
myelin, 332
myelin sheath, 332
myofibrils, 346
myoglobin, 41
myosin, 346, 347
myxomatosis, 402
NAD (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide), 272, 275
NADP (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate), 275
national parks, 445–6
natural active immunity, 232
natural passive immunity, 233
natural selection, 402–4, 412–13
negative feedback, 301
nephrons, 306
nervous communication, 330–44
neuromuscular junction, 343
neurones, 30, 331–2
neurotransmitter, 341
neutrophils, 167, 225
niche, 425
nicotine, 193
nitrogen cycle, 287
nitrogenous excretory products, 304
Nobel prizes, 28
nodes of Ranvier, 332
non-competitive inhibition, 61–2
non-cyclic photophosphorylation, 288
non-infectious diseases, 199
non-polar molecules, 36
non-reducing sugars, 32
non-self, 224
noradrenaline, 341
normal distribution, 496
nuclear division, 97, 367
nuclear envelope, 14–15
nuclear pores, 15
nucleic acids, 111
nucleolus, 5, 15
nucleosome, 95–6
nucleotides, 29, 111–12
nucleus, 5, 14–15
null hypothesis, 500
oedema, 164
oestrogen, 351
oil seed rape (Brassica napus), 480, 481
oncogenes, 105
oogenesis, 371
operon, 389
optimum temperature, 59–60
oral contraceptive pill, 352
oral rehydration therapy, 201
ordered variables, 494
organelles, 5, 14–19
organic molecules, 28, 268
oryx (Oryx dammah), 447
osmoreceptors, 312
osmoregulation, 312
osmosis, 82–6
outbreeding, 412
output, 301
overexploitation, 442
ovum, 372
oxaloacetate, 293–4
oxidative phosphorylation, 273–5
oxygen, 127, 158
oxygen debt, 278
oxygen transport, 168–72
oxygen uptake, 280
oxyhaemoglobin, 43