Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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Cambridge International AS Level Biology 3΄ 5΄ P sugar thymine 5΄ P sugar hydrogen bonds thymine adenine sugar P P sugar cytosine P cytosine guanine sugar P sugar P sugar adenine P adenine thymine sugar P 5΄ a 3΄ Part of a polynucleotide. Each nucleotide is linked to the next by covalent bonds between the phosphates and sugars. 3΄ sugar b Part of a DNA molecule. Two polynucleotides, running in opposite directions, are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. A links with T by two hydrogen bonds; C links with G by three hydrogen bonds. This is complementary base pairing. 114 base pair sugar–phosphate backbone c A simplified diagram of a DNA molecule showing its backbone of alternating sugar–phosphate units, with the bases projecting into the centre creating base pairs. d The DNA double helix. Figure 6.5 The structure of DNA.
Chapter 6: Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The experimental evidence for the process of semiconservative replication is described in Box 6.1 on page 117. DNA replication takes place when a cell is not dividing. This is in interphase in eukaryotic cells (Chapter 5). Figure 6.6 James Watson (left) and Francis Crick with their model of DNA. 115 Figure 6.8 Crickʼs original sketch of the structure of DNA, made in 1953. Figure 6.7 Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray diffraction images of DNA gave important clues to its structure.
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Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennif
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University Printing House, Cambridg
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Cambridge International AS Level an
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Cambridge International AS Level Bi
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Ultrastru
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Chapter 1: Cell structure The nucle
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Chapter 1: Cell structure respirati
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules A c
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules The
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Pro
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Glo
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules a b
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules Hig
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules ■
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Chapter 2: Biological molecules 7 T
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Chapter 3
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Mammals such as
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Chapter 3: Enzymes QUESTION 3.2 Why
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Chapter 3: Enzymes Enzyme inhibitor
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases Ver
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases QUE
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases End
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Chapter 10: Infectious diseases 8 a
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Chapter 11: Immunity Smallpox was f
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Chapter 11: Immunity Phagocytes Pha
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Chapter 11: Immunity Some of these
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Chapter 11: Immunity variable regio
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Chapter 11: Immunity secrete cytoki
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Chapter 11: Immunity Concentration
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Chapter 11: Immunity Antigenic conc
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Chapter 11: Immunity Autoimmune dis
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Chapter 11: Immunity antigen inject
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Chapter 11: Immunity Summary ■■
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Chapter 11: Immunity 3 Which of the
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Chapter 11: Immunity 10 a Rearrange
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Chapter P1: Practical skills for AS
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The hypotha
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The structu
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The kidney
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Blood capil
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H 2 O H 2 O Na 5 Key part of the as
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis How ADH aff
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis The control
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis A decrease
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis People with
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata sho
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis Stomata clo
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis End-of-chap
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Chapter 14: Homeostasis 8 An invest
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Chapter 15: Coordination 329 Learni
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Chapter 15: Coordination central ne
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Chapter 15: Coordination A reflex a
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Chapter 15: Coordination Action pot
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Chapter 15: Coordination What is di
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Chapter 15: Coordination in sense o
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Chapter 15: Coordination Synapses W
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Chapter 15: Coordination The depola
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Chapter 15: Coordination It is obvi
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Chapter 15: Coordination Structure
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Chapter 15: Coordination binding si
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Chapter 15: Coordination The menstr
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Chapter 15: Coordination The mornin
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Chapter 15: Coordination Auxins and
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Chapter 15: Coordination Summary
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Chapter 15: Coordination 3 Which of
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Chapter 15: Coordination 9 A biopsy
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Chapter 15: Coordination 12 Gibbere
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Katydi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Two ty
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Meiosi
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Gameto
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Chapter 16: Inherited change a An o
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Chapter 16: Inherited change The ob
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Chapter 16: Inherited change It is
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Sex li
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Chapter 16: Inherited change The pl
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Chapter 16: Inherited change of 9 :
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Chapter 16: Inherited change Phenot
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Chapter 16: Inherited change So now
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Chapter 16: Inherited change vision
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Chapter 16: Inherited change End-of
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Chapter 16: Inherited change 10 In
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Chapter 17: Selection and evolution
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Genetic variation, whether caused b
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Chapter 18: Biodiversity, classific
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Chapter P2: Planning, analysis and
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Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet cod
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Glossary artery a blood vessel that
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Glossary creatinine a nitrogenous e
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Glossary haemoglobin the red pigmen
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Glossary negative feedback a proces
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Glossary reaction centre a molecule
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Glossary transfer RNA (tRNA) a fold
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Chapter 1: Cell structure Index C3
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Index gluconeogenesis, 317 glucose,
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Index pacemaker, 177 palisade mesop
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Index tar, 190, 191, 193 taste buds
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Acknowledgements Meiosis” in Tuat
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Cambridge International AS and A Le
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Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

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