Cambridge International A Level Biology Revision Guide

Chapter 1: Cell structure Index
C3 plants, 293
C4 plants, 293–4
calcium ion voltage-gated channels, 341
callose, 148
calorimeter, 278
Calvin cycle, 20, 290
cancer, 103–5, 193, 240, 474
cane toad, 451
capillaries, 160, 162
capsid, 21
capsomere, 21
carbaminohaemoglobin, 170
carbapen-resistant Klebsiella
pneumoniae, 216
carbohydrates, 29–36
carbon, 28, 268
carbon dioxide, 127, 169, 170–1, 304
carbon monoxide, 171, 193–4
carbonic anhydrase, 62, 170
carboxyhaemoglobin, 171, 193
carboxyl group, 36
carcinogens, 105, 190
cardiac cycle, 175–7
cardiac muscle, 173, 177, 344
cardiovascular diseases, 194
cardiovascular system, 158–60
carotenoids, 295–6
carrier proteins, 77, 82, 86
carriers, 200
cartilage, 187
casein, 247
Casparian strip, 144
catalase, 55–6
categoric variables, 494
cattle breeding, 409–10
cell biology, 3
cell counts, 251–2
cell cycle, 97
cell division, 97
cell fusion, 239
cell membranes
structure, 74–7
transport across, 79–88
cell signalling, 77–9
cell structure, 1–23
cell surface antigens, 224
cell surface membrane, 3, 5, 6, 17
cell theory, 2
cell ultrastructure, 13–20
cell wall, 5, 6
cellulose, 5, 34–5
central control, 301
central nervous system (CNS), 330
centrioles, 5, 18–19, 100
centromeres, 95, 96, 100
centrosomes, 18, 100
cereal crops, 410–12
CFTR, 478–9
channel proteins, 77, 82
cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 446
chemiosmosis, 270, 274
chemoautotrophs, 287
chemoreceptors, 339
chi-squared (χ 2 ) test, 386–7, 501, 505
chiasmata, 384
chlorophyll, 6, 295–6
chloroplasts, 6, 17, 19–20, 290–1
chloroquine, 204
cholera, 200–2, 235
choleragen, 201
cholesterol, 76
cholinergic synapses, 341–3
chorionic villus sampling, 477
chromatids, 95
chromatin, 5, 15, 95–6
chromosome mutations, 387
chromosomes, 15, 94–6, 365–7
chronic bronchitis, 191
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
(COPD), 191–2
chymosin, 247
CITES, 452
classification, 435–41
climate change, 443
clonal expansion, 226
clonal selection, 226
cloning, 101, 449
coconut palms, 450
codominant alleles, 376, 377
codons, 119
coenzyme A, 273
coevolution, 398
cohesion, 143
collagen, 43, 44
collecting duct, 306, 310–11
collenchyma, 132
colorimeter, 250
colostrum, 233
colour changes and intensities, 250
colour standards, 250
combined oral contraceptive, 352
common cold, 228, 234
community, 425
companion cells, 146, 147
compartmentalisation, 5
competitive inhibition, 61
complementary base pairing, 113
concentration gradient, 79
conclusions, 259, 506
condensation, 31–2
conservation, 418, 448, 452–3
contact tracing, 208, 212
continuous variables, 258, 494
continuous variation, 399–400
contraception, 351, 448
control experiments, 494
controlled variables, 248, 492, 494
controls, 254
coordination, 329–58
coral reefs, 443
cord grass (Spartina), 415–16
core temperature, 302
coronary arteries, 174
coronary heart disease (CHD), 194
corpus luteum, 351
corrective actions, 301
correlation, 433–5
cortex, 132
cotton, 481
counter-current multiplier, 311
covalent bond, 35
creatine, 304
creatine phosphate, 304, 349
creatinine, 304, 310
Crick, Francis, 113
Crispr, 463
cristae, 16, 17, 276
cross over value, 384
crossing over, 368, 384
culling, 448
cuticle, 131
cyclic AMP, 317
cyclic photophosphorylation, 288
cystic fibrosis, 82, 478–9
cytochrome c, 416
cytokines, 230
cytokinesis, 97
cytology, 3
cytoplasm, 5
cytosine, 112, 113
Darwin–Wallace theory, 412–13
deamination, 304
deep vein thrombosis, 239
deforestation, 441–2
DELLA protein, 356, 391
dendrites, 331
deoxyribose, 31, 112
dependent variables, 247, 249, 494
depolarisation, 335
describing data, 259
designer babies, 476
diabetes, 238, 318–19
dicotyledons, 128
diffusion, 79–81, 82
dihybrid crosses, 380–1
dip sticks, 319
dipeptide, 40
diploid cells, 367, 368
dipoles, 35–6
directional selection, 404
527